Example of a complete procedure text with its structure

A procedure text is a text that contains directions, stages, or steps to do or make something. In this era, examples of procedure texts complete with their structure are presented in a way that is short and easy to understand.

Below are various examples of procedural texts and their structures consisting of a) general objectives/statements, b) steps (stages), c) reaffirmations/closings in various types and themes.

Example of Complex Procedure Text

Complex procedure text is a procedure text that consists of more than five stages and requires special understanding from the author, for example, like the electrical procedure text below.

Utilizing Electrical Energy to Turn On Lights

Purpose (General Statement)

Electricity is energy that can be delivered to power a technological object. To know and understand how electricity is conducted, then we must conduct experiments or experiments. The experiment carried out was to turn on a lamp by utilizing electrical energy.

Tools and materials

Before this experiment is carried out, it is necessary to prepare the materials needed. These materials include: a) a battery, b) two strands of wire, c) a light bulb, d) Yarn, e) plastic string, f) masking tape. After the materials are collected, the steps that must be carried out are as follows.

Steps

First, connect the two wires to the bulb. The trick is to peel off part of the end of the cable until the metal part is exposed and then glue it to the bulb using masking tape. Using a lamp holder that already has a cable will make this process easier.

Next, connect the two remaining ends of the wires that have been connected to the lights on the battery. The trick can be done by peeling off some of the cables until the metal part is exposed as well. The cable can be attached to either side of the battery by hand, but make sure your hands are not wet or wear gloves.

At this point, the bulb should light up. If not, pay attention to the connection of the wires to the bulb and battery. Make sure that the battery also still has enough charge to turn on the light.

After that, repeat the steps that have been done above by replacing the cable using a plastic rope. The bulb will not turn on.

Observation

From these experiments, it can be seen that the bulb lights up when it is connected to the battery using a cable. However, the bulb does not light up when it is connected to the battery using a plastic strap.

Reaffirmation

Thus, it can be concluded that the cable can conduct electric current, while the plastic rope cannot conduct electric current.

Example of a Simple Procedure Text (Making a Cake)

On the other hand, simple procedure text is a procedure text that is not complicated and only involves five stages or steps to be followed. Here is an example.

Making Instant Steamed Brownies

Purpose

Who doesn't love brownies? This cake is one of the most popular snacks in the community. However, the difficulty of making this cake is also familiar among the people.

However, there is an easy way to make it, namely by using instant brownie dough that can be obtained at the nearest market or minimarket. Also, combine it by changing the cooking method, namely by steaming it, not baking it. Then these brownies will be fail-proof brownies.

Steps

How to make it? It's easy; just follow the steps below.

Mix instant brownie dough with water and eggs according to the dosage stated on the package.

Pour the brownie mixture into an aluminium bowl that is usually used to make cupcakes.

Steam brownies until cooked, don't worry about steaming them too long because brownies can't be scorched by steam.

Reaffirmation / Closing

It's not easy enough to serve it. Don't be confused if you don't have a special steamer, because we can use a rice cooker or rice cooker to steam it. We can also add chocolate chips or grated cheese to make the brownies taste more delicious.

Example of a Procedure Text for Making Fried Rice

Cooking Fried Rice

General Purpose/Statement

Nasi goreng is a simple but delicious Indonesian dish that can be cooked easily and quickly. How to make it? Before entering the manufacturing stage, first prepare the materials below.

Tools/Materials

The ingredients needed to cook fried rice are very easy to find. The ingredients include: a) rice, b) salt, c) red and white onions, d) soy sauce, e) eggs, f) green vegetables.

Steps

First, don't start cooking unless all the ingredients are on the table because fried rice should be cooked quickly and spontaneously.

Next, prepare the rice to be fried. Make sure the rice disperses by sifting through it with a spoon and refrigerating it briefly if the rice is still hot or warm.

Then, cut the green vegetables according to the desired size. Greens will wilt and shrivel as they cook, so feel free to chop them up a bit.

Next, break the eggs and put them in a bowl or other available container. This is done so that we can ensure that the eggs do not rot and that no eggshells are carried away because we cracked them directly on the pan. Eggs can be beaten or not, according to taste.

Finely chop the onion and garlic. Make sure the salt and soy sauce are easily accessible.

Next, heat the oil in a frying pan. Use low to medium heat. Once hot, pour in the eggs and stir until they become scrambled eggs. After the eggs are cooked enough, add a little more oil and then add the finely chopped onion and garlic. Saute briefly until fragrant.

In the next step, mix the rice into the pan. Fry the rice until completely mixed with the eggs and onions. Finally, add vegetables and sprinkle salt to taste. The vegetables are added last, so they don't become too wilted.

After some time cooking over low heat, pour soy sauce and turn up the heat. But increase the speed of the stir fry, so it doesn't burn. This is done so that the soy sauce is completely caramelized over high heat. The final step is to correct the taste. Add salt and soy sauce if it doesn't taste good. Fried rice is ready to be served.

Reaffirmation

This fried rice cooking procedure may seem a bit complicated when compared to conventional cooking methods. But the results will not disappoint. The fried rice will have a complex taste because it's completely caramelized, and the vegetables won't wilt too much. Good luck!

Sample Procedure Text for Making Drinks

Making Squeezed Lemonade

Purpose

Lemonade is a drink made from lemons and sugar as a sweetener. Although the ingredients are simple, if processed properly, it will produce a refreshing drink that is rich in taste.

Steps

First, peel the outer skin of the lemon without including the white inner skin. Set the fruit aside, then put the peeled skin of three large lemons in a bowl. Then, sprinkle 8-10 tablespoons of sugar, mix well and set aside. Cover the container with plastic or plastic and store it in the refrigerator for 6-12 hours.

After that, add the lemon zest that has been allowed to sit in the pan. Mix 2-3 cups of water and bring to a boil. Once it boils, turn off the heat, strain the lemon zest and leave only the water. Then, squeeze the lemon and mix it with the lemon zest.

In the last step, let stand the lemon boiled water that has been mixed with lemon juice and let stand until the steam is no longer steaming. Once it's not hot, put it in the refrigerator and wait for it to cool. Serve lemonade over ice cubes.

Closing

How to make it quite simple and easy, right? Lemon rind boiled water will add a distinctive taste that will not be obtained from lemon juice alone. Adjust the taste of the lemonade isn't sweet enough or too sour.

Continue reading Example of a complete procedure text with its structure

Procedure Text: Definition, Characteristics, Types, Rules (Complete)

Understanding Procedure Text

Procedure text is a text that provides instructions, steps and directions so that a job can be done. This understanding is in line with the opinion of Mahsun (2014: 30), which reveals that procedural text is a text that aims to provide direction or teaching about the steps of something that has been determined.

Meanwhile, according to Priyatni (2014: 87), procedure text is a text that provides instructions or uses something with sequential steps. The Ministry of Education and Culture (2017, p.84) also provides a similar definition "Procedural text is a text that contains goals and steps that must be followed so that a job can be done".

Procedure text can be divided into two types in terms of complexity. The two types are simple procedure text and complex procedure text. Then what's the difference? Here is the explanation.

Difference between Procedure Text and Complex Procedure Text

In general, the two are actually the same. However, complex procedure texts, as the name suggests, usually have more complicated stages. Simple procedure texts only present a few steps, usually no more than three to four steps, and each step is easier to understand.

Meanwhile, in complex procedure texts, we can find the steps presented in more than five stages. Then, each step can be further elaborated through sub-stages. In addition, the steps taken tend to require special understanding from the author and even the reader.

However, that does not mean that complex procedure texts have to be difficult to digest. On the contrary, the procedure text should make it easier for the reader, even though the stages tend to be complicated. As stated by Kosasih (2013, p.61), complex procedure texts contain practical steps that can make life easier.

Continuing his explanation, Kosasih (2014, p.67) revealed that complex procedure texts are texts that explain the steps in a complete, clear, and detailed way on how to do something.

Still related to the statement above, Priyanti and Titik (2013, p.114) suggest that complex procedure texts are texts that provide instructions for doing or using something with sequential steps.

Purpose of Procedure Text

The purpose of this text is to explain the stages, activities or steps that must be taken so that the reader can properly and precisely follow a process in making, doing or using a tool.

In line with the explanation above, Priyatni (2014, p. 87) suggests that the purpose of a procedure text is to tell how something is done or made through sequential steps (Priyatni 2014, p. 87).

Then, the communicative purpose of this text is to provide instructions on how to do something through a series of actions or steps (Kemdikbud, 2017, p.84).

Procedure Text Type

There are several types of procedures when viewed from the purpose. The following are several types of procedure texts based on their purpose.

1. Procedure text to guide how to use or play an instrument. Examples are: how to use heavy equipment, how to use a guitar, how to use an app, etc.
2. Procedure to guide how to make. Examples are how to make a sponge cake, how to make a kite, etc. This type has an additional structure in the form of tools and materials. The reason is clear because, in addition to the stages, the reader must also know what tools and materials are used.
3. Procedures to guide how to do an activity. For example, how to sing, how to dance, how to do gymnastics, how to paint, etc.

Procedure text features

We can see the characteristics of this text in terms of content and language used. Here is the full presentation.

There are three characteristics of the procedure in terms of content, namely:

1. Guide the steps or stages that must be done
2. Rules, to limitations regarding tools/materials/activities to do so
3. The contents of the activities that must be carried out in sequence (if not in sequence, then they are called tips, not procedures).

Meanwhile, when viewed from the language used, the characteristics of this text are as follows:

1. Using a command sentence because the procedure text will instruct the reader to carry out an activity in steps.
2. There are sentences of suggestions and prohibitions in order to obtain maximum results when using, making.
3. Using words with accurate measurements and units (e.g., gram flour, five pieces of turmeric rhizome, etc.).
4. Using groups of sentences with clear boundaries (for example: boil until it becomes mush, fold the right end so that it forms an isosceles triangle, etc.).

Procedure Text Structure

The structure of the procedure text tends to be simple and easy to understand. The structure consists of 1) objectives, 2) tools and materials (for the type of procedure how to make), 3) steps (stages), 4) cover.

The following is the explanation, according to Priyatni (2014, p. 87), which reveals that the structure of the procedure text is divided into four parts, namely:

1.      Title

The title can be taken based on consideration of the name of the object/something to be made/done and the way of doing/using something.

2.      Purpose

It is an introduction that explains the purpose of the procedure. The form can be in the form of a statement stating the purpose of writing. Not infrequently, the goal is in the form of several introductory paragraphs that state the purpose of writing.

3.      Materials or tools(usually, for this type of procedure create)

Usually in the form of lists or details, but can also be made into paragraphs. This section is, of course, only used for certain types of procedures, such as how to do something with a specific tool or to make something that requires materials.

4.      Stages (Steps)

The stages are usually separated by number in the form of a list of stages. Stages can be indicated using sequence words such as: first, second, third and so on. Can also use words that show the order of time: now, then, after and so on. Stages can also be started with a word indicating a command: add stir, drain, heat, etc.

Meanwhile, according to Kosasih (2014, p.68), the structure of complex procedure texts includes:

1.      Purpose

It contains an introduction related to the target or the reason for the instructions that will be presented in the steps section (stages).

2.      Steps

This is the discussion section that is filled with instructions for working on something that is arranged systematically.

3.      Closing

Usually, it is enough to fill in the necessary sentences, not necessarily in the form of a conclusion.

Interesting right? There are differences, but both still refer to the same structure. Why? Because experts do not only study science, they will also try to make different interpretations of the source of learning in order to develop it.

Features of Procedure Text Language Rules

According to Priyatni (2014: 89), in general, the linguistic characteristics of procedure texts are as follows:

1. Using numbering to indicate sequence or stage,
2. Using words and sentences that show commands,
3. Use words and sentences that describe conditions.

In addition to the imperative sentences and some of the points above, this text also tends to use adverbs of the method, adverb of means, and adverb of purpose. The full description based on the book published by (Kemdikbud 2017, p. 108) is as follows.

Imperative sentence

Command sentences are sentences that contain the meaning of ordering or asking the reader to do something according to what the author wants.

Command Sentence Characteristics:

1. The intonation in the middle of the sentence rises or rises.
2. Ends with an exclamation mark (!).
3. Command sentences use an inversion pattern (the predicate precedes the subject).
4. Tend to use the particle "lah" or "kan".

Description How

Adverbials that add to the description of how to do activities or steps that will occur, for example:

1. Wrap the dough tightly.
2. Drink the liquid after stirring well.
3. By always washing hands regularly, we will avoid the covid-19 virus.

Tool Description

This adverbial describes the tools that will be used inactivity in the procedure, for example:

1. The loggers cut down trees with chainsaws.
2. Image of batik motif on cloth using canting.
3. The tailor makes clothes with traditional sewing tools.

Description of destination

This adverbial adds objective information to the sentence, for example: for, so, and so.

Description of degree/quantity

This word adds an adverb of quantity to a sentence it accompanies, for example:

1. After dyeing, remove the fabric as soon as possible.
2. Take two steps to the right and count four claps once.
3. At least the plants are fertilized once a month.

Description of terms

This adverb adds an explanation of the conditions for the occurrence of an event (if). For example: If the night used on the canting is too hot, it will damage the fabric.

Explanation of consequences

This adverb adds to the adverb of the consequences resulting from an event/activity (until, consequently, so, until, to be). Example: Fry the dough until brown.

Sentences of Suggestion/Prohibition

Procedures are made with the aim that a method can be carried out effectively and safely. So suggestions and prohibitions to prevent a dangerous action will be widely used. Example:

1. To achieve the best results, use bamboo that has been dried for at least one year.
2. Remember, don't move too fast, or your neck muscles are at risk of injury!

Using Connecting Words, Deletions, References

Steps in the guide can be associated with phrases such as then, now, next, after this. Sometimes, writers use certain words too often and cause sentences to be ineffective.

To overcome this, it is necessary to eliminate or eliminate certain parts that are the same as previously mentioned. Example:

1. Cook the glutinous rice flour and coconut milk for 30 minutes.
2. Keep stirring the cooked flour and coconut milk until thickened and brown.

Use of -I and -kan suffixes

The suffix i is used when the object in the sentence does not move. The suffix –kan is used when the object is moving. Example:

Grease the pan with butter.

Spread butter on the pan.

Language Characteristics of Complex Procedure Texts

Kosasih (2014, p.71) explains several rules of language use that apply to complex procedure texts as follows.

1. Because it is a clue, complex procedure texts will use a lot of imperative sentences.
2. The use of imperative sentences has consequences that result in many texts using imperative verbs, namely words that express orders, imperatives, or prohibitions. For example: make, create, arrange, must, don't, need, don't need.
3. In complex procedures, there are many temporal conjunctions, namely connecting conjunctions that express the time sequence of events, such as: and, then, then, after that, next. These words are present as a consequence of the steps in using something that is sequential/stages or chronologically.
4. Many use words that indicate time, such as sometime later, half an hour later, one hour later.
5. Many use adverbs of how, for example: carefully, quickly, slowly.
6. Using words that describe the sequence of activities, such as: first, second, third, fourth and so on.
7. In the type of procedure that makes something, there are many detailed descriptions of the objects used, including the number, shape, and size to be used.

Steps to Write Procedure Text

The steps for compiling a procedure text are as follows:

1.      Reviewing the procedure to be written

It means finding out, researching and making sure that we know a good procedure to do or make something.

2.      List the tools/materials and steps needed

List in advance the tools and materials needed to be based on the procedures that have been reviewed.

3.      Editing and revising text

After registering and starting to write text spontaneously based on the list of tools/materials and steps needed, edit and revise the various errors that may occur.

Steps to Write a Complex Procedure Text

To produce a complex procedure text, writing a manual requires more planned steps and more thorough preparation. The materials must also be based on clear and more accountable sources.

The steps for writing complex procedure texts, according to Kosasih (2013, p.97), are as follows.

1. Determine the general theme of the essay or the topic of the essay
2. Gather information sources
3. List topics that can be developed into an outline with sources on the collected materials
4. Sort the topics correctly, whether it's in chronological order, important not important, cause and effect, or other appropriate patterns.
5. Develop frameworks into a clear and correct guide.

Example of Procedure Text

Examples of procedure texts and their structures and in various types and themes can be seen in the article below.

Example of a complete procedure text withits structure

 

Continue reading Procedure Text: Definition, Characteristics, Types, Rules (Complete)

Example of a Discussion Text and its Structure (Various Themes)

Example discussion text and its structure will be discussed in full in this article. Here are some examples of discussion texts with different themes, ranging from examples of discussion texts on health, education, and promiscuity.

Sample Discussion Text on Health

As we know, the structure of the discussion text consists of (1) introduction, (2) content (several main ideas and reasons or evidence), and (3) conclusion. The example below uses a discussion text model with two points of view, two reasons and evidence, plus one additional point of view to complete the discussion.

The Danger of Covid-19 for the Elderly and Young Generation

introduction

Covid-19 is a disease caused by the coronavirus. The virus can spread quickly through the fluids released by the sufferer, both mucus from the nose and saliva from the mouth. This disease is very dangerous, especially among the elderly.

Main idea

This virus is known to attack the lungs quickly in elderly people. This is due to the vulnerability of the elderly's immune system. When the virus manages to paralyze the lungs, the sufferer has a small chance of being able to recover.

Reasons and Supporting Evidence

This can be seen from the statistics on the number of victims of the WHO. According to data compiled by WHO, 8 out of 10 people who died from this virus were aged 65 years and over. So it can be concluded that COVID-19 is very dangerous, especially for the elderly.

Main Idea Another Point of View

But that does not mean that this virus is not dangerous for young people. In fact, there are some people who are relatively young but do not manage to recover. In New York City, a 15-year-old boy died of complications from Covid-19.

Reasons and Evidence Supporting Other Points

The case was reported in the New York Times newspaper containing the WHO warning about the dangers of the coronavirus to youth. The news states that COVID-19 is also very dangerous for young people, especially those who are known to have a history of illness or have poor health. For example, congenital disease or obesity (overweight).

Another Main Idea (third)

Even if we don't fall into the two categories vulnerable to COVID-19, we must remain vigilant and always follow the government's health protocols to avoid and reduce the transmission rate. If we are strong, it doesn't mean we don't have to be afraid, but we are afraid to pass it on to people who are vulnerable to COVID-19. It could be that that person is the people closest to us, including our parents.

Conclusion

In the end, we all have to be careful and vigilant against covid-19. Does not see the limit of our age, health, or endurance. Together we fight this virus by maintaining distance, maintaining health, maintaining cleanliness and following various other health protocols that the government has set.

Example of a Discussion Text on Education

Advancing Education with the Independent Learning Program

introduction

Freedom to learn is a new idea launched by Mas Minister Nadiem Makarim, who wants to provide freedom of learning for all Indonesian people. This idea provides various reforms that allow various parties to be more flexible in carrying out teaching and learning activities.

Main Idea 1

One of the advantages is how the RPP documents that teachers must prepare can now be completed through only one sheet of documents. Previously, the teacher had to prepare a lesson plan consisting of dozens to tens of sheets before being able to present learning materials to students.

Reasons and Supporting Evidence 1

RPP stands for lesson plan implementation. Through the minister of education and culture regulation number 14 of 2019, the Ministry of Education and Culture has inaugurated the RPP format, which only consists of 1 sheet of documents.

Main Idea 2

On the other hand, student learning and tests were also evaluated. Mas minister wants to replace the National Examination with a Minimum Competency Assessment (AKM) and a Character Survey which is considered fairer in determining whether or not a student has graduated from school.

Reasons and Supporting Evidence 2

AKM is done by assessing students' literacy and numeracy abilities. "Literacy is the ability to analyze reading and understand the concepts behind the writing," said Mas Minister Nadiem at an event at the Bidakara Hotel, Jakarta, Wednesday (11/12/2019). "While numeration is the ability to analyze data through numbers," he continued.

Main Idea 3 Viewpoint

Meanwhile, at the higher education level, independent learning gives students the freedom to study according to their needs. Mas Minister allows students to spend 1-2 full semesters studying off-campus. The method can be directly involved in the field, namely internships or temporary work in companies related to education on campus. Another way is to study at another campus as a comparative study.

Conclusion

The independent learning program is a program that is able to liberate our education in a better direction than before. This program can also be said to be one of the most innovative programs ever compiled by the Ministry of Education and Culture. As educational participants, we should welcome it with careful preparation and follow it with all our heart to participate in its success.

Example of a Discussion Text about Free Association

Dangers of Promiscuity

introduction

Free association is a topic that is always discussed from time to time. How not, promiscuity can negatively impact the growth and development of student's character, attitudes, and morals. But on the other hand, the association is an important part of human beings as social beings.

Main Idea 1

If not controlled, promiscuity can have a negative impact on students, especially teenagers. If we trust a stranger too easily, he may actually have bad intentions towards us. This bad intention can be done openly, or even the most dangerous is by stealth.

Reasons and Supporting Evidence 1

However, this could also be done accidentally by parties who have a bad influence on victims of promiscuity. The evidence is that there has been a murder case against Nurhikmah, a resident of Cerih Village, Jatinegara District, Tegal Regency, Central Java, which was reported by detik news on Thursday, August 15, 2019. After an investigation was carried out, the cause was promiscuity among teenagers, which caused them to rarely go home, drink alcohol, and end up having disagreements. Understand drunk.

Main Idea 2

Meanwhile, always staying open and welcoming anyone well is something to do anyway. Control or restriction is what must be done. We just want to be friends with anyone but don't want to get involved in the slightest with people who provide invitations and bad influences on us. Intercourse, if done with good control, will have a tremendous effect back as well.

Reasons and Supporting Evidence 2

One of them is an increase in learning motivation that can be generated from healthy peer relationships. In their research on the effect of peer association on learning motivation, Fitria, Rosra, and Mayasari (2017) revealed that based on the results of data analysis carried out, there was a significant influence between peer association on peer association learning motivation.

Conclusion

The conclusion can be ascertained that promiscuity can have a negative impact on students. These influences include rarely going home, hanging out too freely, drinking alcohol, even drugs. Meanwhile, good positive relationships can actually provide motivation to learn. Control is the main tool that must be done in socializing.

Continue reading Example of a Discussion Text and its Structure (Various Themes)

Discussion Text: Structure, Definition, Examples, Characteristics, etc. (Complete)

Definition of Discussion Text

A discussion text is a text that presents several different opinions and points of view on an issue being discussed. This statement is in line with the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 116), which states that the discussion text is a text that presents different opinions, points of view, or perspectives on a problem.

Its daily use can be found in student council meetings, RT, and official company and government meetings. In addition, this type of text is usually found on a controversial issue that raises various opinions from the public.

Definition of Discussion Text According to Experts

In fact, discussion texts are a healthy way to solve problems that cause disagreements when compared to just commenting on them from one point of view. This statement is in accordance with the expert opinion below.

Mulyadi (2015, p. 130) suggests that the discussion text is a text that contains an explanation of a problem, differences of opinion that occur, and solutions that are a way out of differences of opinion in the text.

The discussion text can also provide more enlightenment from other points of view because it could be that our point of view is not quite right or not perfect. A discussion text is a text that discusses or discusses a topic from various aspects to provide a different and wider perspective, insight, horizon (Priyatni et al. 2014:76).

Discussion Text Structure

In general, the structure of the discussion text consists of three aspects that make it up, namely: 1) Introduction, 2) Content, 3) Conclusion (Kemdikbud, 2017, p. 121). However, in practice, the content of the discussion text will consist of at least two different main ideas; pros and cons or agree and disagree.

In addition, the nature of the discussion text is an exposition (opinion) which means it requires evidence or supporting reasons for each idea. Therefore, the discussion text will at least have a structure as described below:

1. Introduction (Issue or problem)
2. Contents, consisting of a) main ideas and reasons and supporting evidence, b) main ideas from other points of view and reasons and supporting evidence. The main idea in the discussion text is usually called the supporting argument and the opposing argument.
3. Conclusion/suggestion

The explanation above is strengthened by the opinion of Mulyadi (2015, p. 131) and Priyatni et al. (2014), which states that the structure of the discussion text consists of 1) issues/problems, 2) arguments (pro-cons), and 3) conclusions.

Based on the opinions of the experts above, it can be concluded that the discussion text is a text that contains a description of the topic of the problem that contains arguments for and against the topic being discussed and ends with drawing a neutral conclusion (in the form of a solution).

To clarify what is meant by the structure of the discussion text below is an explanation of each part that makes up its structure, starting with the introduction.

Introduction (Issue/Problem)

The introduction contains a statement to delimit the topic. The form is the limitation of the problem or issue being discussed. It also describes the background of the topic to different points of view, which will be discussed as well. These three things are the main content of the introduction in the discussion text.

Mulyadi (2015, p. 131) argues that the issues section of the discussion text is the part of the presentation that contains questions or statements to lead the reader to the problem or issue to be discussed.

Contents

The content is in the form of a series of paragraphs composed of at least two paragraphs of main ideas with different points of view (pros and cons). Each paragraph contains the main idea accompanied by reasons (arguments) and supporting evidence.

Complementing the above statement, Priyatni et al. (2014, p. 76) suggest that arguments or opinions are used to support or reject statements or opinions in discussions.

Conclusion

Contains conclusions that can be drawn from two or three ideas from different points of view. Here also can be drawn from solutions that can be drawn from various ideas. In addition, we can also provide suggestions on how to overcome the problems discussed.

The conclusion is the final point of view: problem-solving (Mulyadi 2015, p. 131).

Characteristics of Discussion Text

Wiratno (2014) mentions the characteristics of discussion texts, namely:

1. Arranged with the text structure: issues, arguments against and supporting arguments, and ends with conclusions or recommendations.
2. Contains material, relational, and mental verbs proportionally.
3. Using conjunctions that show contrast, such as: however, but on the other hand, on the other hand, etc., to contrast two opposing ideas.
4. Using modalities to build opinions or recommendations.

In addition, Mulyadi (2014, p. 137) states that the characteristics or characteristics of the discussion text are:

1. The structure of the text is in the form of issues, arguments (pro-cons), and conclusions
2. Having language characteristics contained in the discussion text, namely using general terms, comparison or contrast, and words of support or refusal.

Type of Discussion Text

Several types of discussion texts are as follows:

1.      Seminar

It is a special meeting that is held systematically and upholds academic value, which aims to conduct a thorough study of a particular topic. Various problem solutions were presented by the presenters and presenters but still involved the discussion interaction of the seminar participants, accompanied by scholarly speakers (Professors).

2.      Symposium

A symposium is a series of short speeches or lectures in front of participants (symposium) from a leader to be discussed together and draw the best conclusions from the results of the discussion.

3.      Panel Discussion (Group)

The panel discussion is a forum for exchanging ideas by a group of people facing each other. Each group has prepared opinion materials and evidence on a problem topic that will be brought up for discussion.

4.      Conference

It is a large meeting or meeting held to negotiate or exchange opinions on a problem that will be faced together. Usually involves large institutions such as countries, for example, the Asian-African Conference.

5.      Congress

Congress is a large meeting of representatives of organizations, whether political, social, or professional organizations (doctors, architects, artists, etc.), to discuss and make decisions on a topic of problems that must be resolved.

6.      Conference

The congress is the highest deliberation held by the central leadership in an organization. This meeting will be attended by representatives of the organization to make decisions regarding a problem that is being faced together within the organization itself.

7.      Workshop

A workshop is a meeting held by experts in a particular field to discuss or discuss a problem related to their expertise.

8.      Brainstorming

It is a technical discussion related to creation or creativity. Brainstorming is carried out to find a solution to something that must be created or held by collecting spontaneous ideas from group members.

Language Characteristics of Discussion Text (Rules)

According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 131), The linguistic features of the discussion text are as follows:

1. Using The sentences used in the discussion text show the present time. Because usually, the topic of the discussion text is usually an actual problem that is happening.
2. The words are also used to indicate the present time or what is happening, such as: currently, now, need, act, save, stop, fix, etc.
3. Words represent thoughts and feelings that express the emotions of the author, for example: believe, believe, think, feel, admire, happy, surprised, doubt, hope, like.
4. Using emotive words that make the reader seem to see and feel the emotions of the problem as the author or speaker thinks. Example: amazing, ferocious, wild, savage, valuable, special, dirty, unique, etc.
5. Using evaluative language to examine arguments and supporting evidence. For example, narrow-minded, very clear, favorable for the future, unrecognizable, just a choice, easier, simpler.
6. Using the word modality or degree of certainty, which is a word that has the meaning of possibility and reality stated in the sentence. For example: should, should, always, usually, almost, almost, sometimes, unquestionably, etc.
7. Conjunctions and markers of cohesion – coherence. Cohesion is the cohesion achieved through the form of the word, while coherence is the coherence achieved through the meaning of the word. So, conjunctions that signify cohesion – coherence means conjunctions that combine words based on their form and meaning, for example: but also, first, secondly, finally, while, although, the main, because, because of that.

Concluding the Contents of the Discussion Text

Concluding the content of the discussion text is directly related to its constituent structure, namely the introduction and content. Does the content have at least two different main ideas or points of view? If yes, then the text is a discussion text.

After that, compare the two main ideas and see what gaps there are in common. Try to draw each of the advantages and disadvantages of the two main ideas. Take the advantages of each and discard the disadvantages. Combine the two ideas into one coherent idea.

Presenting Discussion Text

Mulyadi (2015) argues that in order for us to be able to present a discussion text well, it is necessary to pay attention to the steps of writing a discussion text as follows:

1.      Determining the Topic

The thing that must be considered is that the topic chosen must cause pros and cons in the community. In addition, the issues to be raised must be factual and contextual in nature so that they are widely discussed by the community (Priyatni et al. 2014, p. 138).

2.      Collecting Supporting Evidence

The data collected is data related to the pros and cons of the issues to be discussed. Various evidence data is also collected from trusted sources such as research centers, interviews with relevant sources, survey institutions, etc. This stage must also collect the reasons for and against the topic discussed.

3.      Looking for Solution

After the two main ideas against and supporters of the topic are collected, the next step is to find a solution from the two opinions. The solution determined must be based on consideration of the data and supporting evidence that has been collected.

4.      Start Writing

This activity can be started by paying attention to the structure of the discussion text. The first thing to write is the main sentence of the issue, followed by the main sentence of the two arguments. Develop the main sentence into paragraphs and end with a conclusion.

Sample Discussion Text

Breakfast Makes Fat?

Introduction (Issue)

There is a tendency for young women to avoid breakfast for fear of being fat. Is it true that breakfast can increase our weight?

Contents

Main Idea (Argument in favor of )

Some people think that skipping breakfast can lose weight or reduce obesity. Not having breakfast can also be said to be short-term fasting. According to Deddy Corbuzier, in the OCD program he initiated, it was stated that the body would begin to increase lipolysis (the process of releasing fat) in a short fast.

It decreases illusions and increases lipolytic hormones (such as glucagon, growth hormone, and catecholamines). Fat cells get a strong order and open their doors to burn.

This means that short-term fasting or skipping breakfast will not lower the body's metabolism.

Main Idea of ​​Another Point of View (Argument against)

Of course, whether or not breakfast is necessary raises pros and cons against some people. However, it would be better if we always get used to breakfast. When you are active on an empty stomach, your metabolism will slow down, which will hinder the burning of calories.

This means, in other words, breakfast after an empty stomach all night will increase the body's metabolism, which means burning calories will be more efficient. However, if we have breakfast, we will be more excited and have the energy to carry out daily activities.

On the other hand, if our stomach is empty, of course, we will feel weak in carrying out activities less than optimal. In addition, the benefits of breakfast are to increase brain capacity and improve our spirit or mood.

Conclusion

Based on these two opinions, it can be concluded that there are two different opinions about the importance of breakfast. We ourselves will choose to have breakfast or not breakfast in the morning

Examples of other discussion texts can be seen on the page below:

Read also: Example of a Discussion Text and its Structure (VariousThemes)

Continue reading Discussion Text: Structure, Definition, Examples, Characteristics, etc. (Complete)

Examples of Anecdotal Texts and Their Structures (Social, Political, Etc.)

Anecdotal text is a funny story punctuated by subtle satire as a form of criticism of a particular problem. The following is a collection of humorous and satirical anecdotal examples written briefly and structured to provide more meaningful context.

Social Anecdotal Text Example

Hotter Than the Sun

Orientation

Today was hotter than usual. Roni's legs were not able to hold her body anymore. He decided to sit at an old bus stop that was no longer in use. Before long, someone in a hat sat next to him.

The middle-aged man did not show a frown of complaint against the hot sun like Roni. He was wearing a thick jacket, though. The profile of his face is covered by a shabby safari hat, and part of his mouth is covered by a batik-patterned scarf.

Complications / Crisis

Surprised to see the mysterious figure, Roni greeted him with a bit of pleasantry.

Roni: "It's really hot today, sir."

Mysterious Man: "Yes," he answered coldly.

Roni: "Aren't you hot wearing that thick scarf and jacket?"

Mysterious Man: "No," he answered simply.

Roni: "It's hot, sir, shouldn't it be hot?"

The Mysterious Man was silent and still didn't turn his face in front of Roni. His face was flat, and he did not show any emotion.

Roni didn't care about the old figure's attitude and reached for his cellphone in his pocket. It didn't take long for him to be hypnotized, engrossed in scrolling news feeds in his social media applications.

Then, the mysterious figure next to him turned his face away while letting out a long breath. He then turned his gaze to Roni's device while saying, "I think what you are reading is much hotter."

Reaction

Roni was a bit surprised to hear those words and was confused by the old man's words. But after a few seconds later, he smirked and chuckled, punctuated by a gust of air that was more than his laughter. "This man could do it."

Example of a Short Anecdote Text

Greater than Journalists

Orientation

The class will start soon, all students have sat neatly in class, and the teacher has come and stood in front of the class. The subject schedule that afternoon was Indonesian. After praying and carrying out the habituation, Mrs. Farida started learning.

Complications

Teacher: "Today we will study news text material" The students then began to open the notes and textbooks they brought.

Teacher: "Do you know who wrote the news?" asked Mrs. Farida.

Student: "Reporter ma'am," answered one of the students.

Teacher: "That's right, Journalists are great people who will cover news even in dangerous zones such as war zones,"

Teacher: "They also have higher education in Language or Journalism and have high flying hours in writing news texts,"

Teacher: "In fact, it's so great that only a handful of people can get official permission to become a journalist,"

Teacher: "But there is one more profession that is far greater than journalists in writing news," he concluded.

Student: "What profession, ma'am?"

Teacher: "Netizen." The answer is short.

All the students in the class looked surprised to hear this answer. Followed by one of the students who asked, "Why are netizens more powerful, ma'am?"

Teacher: "It's great because events that don't happen can become news."

Reaction

Suddenly the whole class laughed out loud, listening to Mrs. Farida's explanation. Apparently, Mrs. Farida was joking about this greater figure in order to insinuate unscrupulous netizens who are not responsible for writing hoax news or fake news.

Example of anecdotal text satirizing your ex

Study Friends

Orientation

Sunday morning Bimo was jogging in Saparua, his favorite sports field. From a distance, he saw someone who looked familiar. It turned out to be a high school friend he hadn't seen in a long time.

Complications / Crisis

He is also his former crush, Ria. Ria was running with a man whose figure Bimo did not recognize. Before long, Bimo saw the two of them stop running and hold hands.

Bimo: "Well, Ria, how are you?" who is Bimo?

Ria: "Eh, Bimo… well. Ria replied while letting go of the hand of the man who was with her"

Bimo: "With who? Study buddy huh?" Bimo replied.

Ria: "Not really, just friends."

Bimo: "Oh, I thought you were a study friend."

Reaction

Ria then said goodbye and left with a blushing face. Bimo left while giggling, remembering the reason Ria asked him to break up. Ria revealed that the reason was to focus on studying. Even though Bimo already knew the real reason, the man who was with Ria earlier.

Example of Long Anecdote Text

The length in question is that the anecdotal text here is considered quite long in the editorial delivery. Unlike other anecdotal texts, this text prioritizes narrative as its character, not dialogue.

Lebai Malang

Orientation

It begins with the story of a religious teacher who lives on the bank of a river in a village in West Sumatra. Once upon a time, he got a party invitation from two rich people in a neighboring village.

Complications / Crisis

But unfortunately, the party was held on the same day and time. So Mr. Lebai weighed the advantages and disadvantages of the two invitations. However, he was never able to make decisions quickly.

He then thought that if he went to the village upstream, the host would give him two buffalo heads as a gift. However, he did not really know the host. It is said that according to rumors, the food of the upstream people is not as good as the downstream people.

If he goes to the downstream party, he will get only one buffalo head, but it is cooked well. He also knows the host in the downstream village of the river very well. However, the hosts upstream will provide their guests with extra cakes.

Finally, until he started pedaling his boat, Mr. Lebai still couldn't decide which party he was going to attend. First, the canoe is pedaled towards the upper reaches of the river. Only halfway did he change his mind. He turned to row the boat downstream.

As soon as he reached the downstream village, he saw some guests heading up the river. The guest said that the buffalo slaughtered there was very thin. Mr. Lebai also changed the course of his boat towards the upstream of the river. Arriving at the edge of the village upstream of the river, the guests had gone home. The rush there has ended.

Pak Lebai then quickly rowed his boat to the downstream village. Unfortunately, the party there was over.

Reaction

In the end, Mr. Lebai grumbled and regretted his actions. He did not get any of the buffalo head dishes he wanted.

Example of Political Anecdote Text

Disband Street

Orientation

The headmaster looked very confused about the various turbulent problems in this country. The thing that bothers him the most is how his institution is always unable to solve the various problems that exist in this country.

Complications / Reactions

So confused, he finally asked the mentor figure he had long considered as the most meritorious figure in his political career. The figure is none other than Mbah Tedjo, who always gives him wise and wise advice.

Mr. Head: "Mbah Tejo I want to ask for help lately I have been confused with my own institution."

Mbah Tedjo: "How dizzy, sir?"

Mr. Head: "My institution is having a hard time solving various problems in this country; I don't know what else to do."

Mbah Tedjo: "Oh, I see, then I have a suggestion to solve it."

Mr. Head: "What advice, Mbah?"

Mbah Tedjo: "What if the head's institution is dissolved?"

Mr. Head: "Wow… this sis.. is nothing."

Mbah Tedjo: "Well, if it's dissolved, the problem will disappear, right? There's nothing to think about anymore."

Mr. Head: "My head is also missing, Mbah."

Reaction

They both laughed, and Mbah Tedjo continued his conversation to a serious level. Apparently, the joke was started to relax the head's mind. This is why Mr. Head has always trusted Mbah Tedjo as his mentor and even spiritual teacher.

Continue reading Examples of Anecdotal Texts and Their Structures (Social, Political, Etc.)