Example of a complete procedure text with its structure

A procedure text is a text that contains directions, stages, or steps to do or make something. In this era, examples of procedure texts complete with their structure are presented in a way that is short and easy to understand.

Below are various examples of procedural texts and their structures consisting of a) general objectives/statements, b) steps (stages), c) reaffirmations/closings in various types and themes.

Example of Complex Procedure Text

Complex procedure text is a procedure text that consists of more than five stages and requires special understanding from the author, for example, like the electrical procedure text below.

Utilizing Electrical Energy to Turn On Lights

Purpose (General Statement)

Electricity is energy that can be delivered to power a technological object. To know and understand how electricity is conducted, then we must conduct experiments or experiments. The experiment carried out was to turn on a lamp by utilizing electrical energy.

Tools and materials

Before this experiment is carried out, it is necessary to prepare the materials needed. These materials include: a) a battery, b) two strands of wire, c) a light bulb, d) Yarn, e) plastic string, f) masking tape. After the materials are collected, the steps that must be carried out are as follows.

Steps

First, connect the two wires to the bulb. The trick is to peel off part of the end of the cable until the metal part is exposed and then glue it to the bulb using masking tape. Using a lamp holder that already has a cable will make this process easier.

Next, connect the two remaining ends of the wires that have been connected to the lights on the battery. The trick can be done by peeling off some of the cables until the metal part is exposed as well. The cable can be attached to either side of the battery by hand, but make sure your hands are not wet or wear gloves.

At this point, the bulb should light up. If not, pay attention to the connection of the wires to the bulb and battery. Make sure that the battery also still has enough charge to turn on the light.

After that, repeat the steps that have been done above by replacing the cable using a plastic rope. The bulb will not turn on.

Observation

From these experiments, it can be seen that the bulb lights up when it is connected to the battery using a cable. However, the bulb does not light up when it is connected to the battery using a plastic strap.

Reaffirmation

Thus, it can be concluded that the cable can conduct electric current, while the plastic rope cannot conduct electric current.

Example of a Simple Procedure Text (Making a Cake)

On the other hand, simple procedure text is a procedure text that is not complicated and only involves five stages or steps to be followed. Here is an example.

Making Instant Steamed Brownies

Purpose

Who doesn't love brownies? This cake is one of the most popular snacks in the community. However, the difficulty of making this cake is also familiar among the people.

However, there is an easy way to make it, namely by using instant brownie dough that can be obtained at the nearest market or minimarket. Also, combine it by changing the cooking method, namely by steaming it, not baking it. Then these brownies will be fail-proof brownies.

Steps

How to make it? It's easy; just follow the steps below.

Mix instant brownie dough with water and eggs according to the dosage stated on the package.

Pour the brownie mixture into an aluminium bowl that is usually used to make cupcakes.

Steam brownies until cooked, don't worry about steaming them too long because brownies can't be scorched by steam.

Reaffirmation / Closing

It's not easy enough to serve it. Don't be confused if you don't have a special steamer, because we can use a rice cooker or rice cooker to steam it. We can also add chocolate chips or grated cheese to make the brownies taste more delicious.

Example of a Procedure Text for Making Fried Rice

Cooking Fried Rice

General Purpose/Statement

Nasi goreng is a simple but delicious Indonesian dish that can be cooked easily and quickly. How to make it? Before entering the manufacturing stage, first prepare the materials below.

Tools/Materials

The ingredients needed to cook fried rice are very easy to find. The ingredients include: a) rice, b) salt, c) red and white onions, d) soy sauce, e) eggs, f) green vegetables.

Steps

First, don't start cooking unless all the ingredients are on the table because fried rice should be cooked quickly and spontaneously.

Next, prepare the rice to be fried. Make sure the rice disperses by sifting through it with a spoon and refrigerating it briefly if the rice is still hot or warm.

Then, cut the green vegetables according to the desired size. Greens will wilt and shrivel as they cook, so feel free to chop them up a bit.

Next, break the eggs and put them in a bowl or other available container. This is done so that we can ensure that the eggs do not rot and that no eggshells are carried away because we cracked them directly on the pan. Eggs can be beaten or not, according to taste.

Finely chop the onion and garlic. Make sure the salt and soy sauce are easily accessible.

Next, heat the oil in a frying pan. Use low to medium heat. Once hot, pour in the eggs and stir until they become scrambled eggs. After the eggs are cooked enough, add a little more oil and then add the finely chopped onion and garlic. Saute briefly until fragrant.

In the next step, mix the rice into the pan. Fry the rice until completely mixed with the eggs and onions. Finally, add vegetables and sprinkle salt to taste. The vegetables are added last, so they don't become too wilted.

After some time cooking over low heat, pour soy sauce and turn up the heat. But increase the speed of the stir fry, so it doesn't burn. This is done so that the soy sauce is completely caramelized over high heat. The final step is to correct the taste. Add salt and soy sauce if it doesn't taste good. Fried rice is ready to be served.

Reaffirmation

This fried rice cooking procedure may seem a bit complicated when compared to conventional cooking methods. But the results will not disappoint. The fried rice will have a complex taste because it's completely caramelized, and the vegetables won't wilt too much. Good luck!

Sample Procedure Text for Making Drinks

Making Squeezed Lemonade

Purpose

Lemonade is a drink made from lemons and sugar as a sweetener. Although the ingredients are simple, if processed properly, it will produce a refreshing drink that is rich in taste.

Steps

First, peel the outer skin of the lemon without including the white inner skin. Set the fruit aside, then put the peeled skin of three large lemons in a bowl. Then, sprinkle 8-10 tablespoons of sugar, mix well and set aside. Cover the container with plastic or plastic and store it in the refrigerator for 6-12 hours.

After that, add the lemon zest that has been allowed to sit in the pan. Mix 2-3 cups of water and bring to a boil. Once it boils, turn off the heat, strain the lemon zest and leave only the water. Then, squeeze the lemon and mix it with the lemon zest.

In the last step, let stand the lemon boiled water that has been mixed with lemon juice and let stand until the steam is no longer steaming. Once it's not hot, put it in the refrigerator and wait for it to cool. Serve lemonade over ice cubes.

Closing

How to make it quite simple and easy, right? Lemon rind boiled water will add a distinctive taste that will not be obtained from lemon juice alone. Adjust the taste of the lemonade isn't sweet enough or too sour.

Continue reading Example of a complete procedure text with its structure

Procedure Text: Definition, Characteristics, Types, Rules (Complete)

Understanding Procedure Text

Procedure text is a text that provides instructions, steps and directions so that a job can be done. This understanding is in line with the opinion of Mahsun (2014: 30), which reveals that procedural text is a text that aims to provide direction or teaching about the steps of something that has been determined.

Meanwhile, according to Priyatni (2014: 87), procedure text is a text that provides instructions or uses something with sequential steps. The Ministry of Education and Culture (2017, p.84) also provides a similar definition "Procedural text is a text that contains goals and steps that must be followed so that a job can be done".

Procedure text can be divided into two types in terms of complexity. The two types are simple procedure text and complex procedure text. Then what's the difference? Here is the explanation.

Difference between Procedure Text and Complex Procedure Text

In general, the two are actually the same. However, complex procedure texts, as the name suggests, usually have more complicated stages. Simple procedure texts only present a few steps, usually no more than three to four steps, and each step is easier to understand.

Meanwhile, in complex procedure texts, we can find the steps presented in more than five stages. Then, each step can be further elaborated through sub-stages. In addition, the steps taken tend to require special understanding from the author and even the reader.

However, that does not mean that complex procedure texts have to be difficult to digest. On the contrary, the procedure text should make it easier for the reader, even though the stages tend to be complicated. As stated by Kosasih (2013, p.61), complex procedure texts contain practical steps that can make life easier.

Continuing his explanation, Kosasih (2014, p.67) revealed that complex procedure texts are texts that explain the steps in a complete, clear, and detailed way on how to do something.

Still related to the statement above, Priyanti and Titik (2013, p.114) suggest that complex procedure texts are texts that provide instructions for doing or using something with sequential steps.

Purpose of Procedure Text

The purpose of this text is to explain the stages, activities or steps that must be taken so that the reader can properly and precisely follow a process in making, doing or using a tool.

In line with the explanation above, Priyatni (2014, p. 87) suggests that the purpose of a procedure text is to tell how something is done or made through sequential steps (Priyatni 2014, p. 87).

Then, the communicative purpose of this text is to provide instructions on how to do something through a series of actions or steps (Kemdikbud, 2017, p.84).

Procedure Text Type

There are several types of procedures when viewed from the purpose. The following are several types of procedure texts based on their purpose.

1. Procedure text to guide how to use or play an instrument. Examples are: how to use heavy equipment, how to use a guitar, how to use an app, etc.
2. Procedure to guide how to make. Examples are how to make a sponge cake, how to make a kite, etc. This type has an additional structure in the form of tools and materials. The reason is clear because, in addition to the stages, the reader must also know what tools and materials are used.
3. Procedures to guide how to do an activity. For example, how to sing, how to dance, how to do gymnastics, how to paint, etc.

Procedure text features

We can see the characteristics of this text in terms of content and language used. Here is the full presentation.

There are three characteristics of the procedure in terms of content, namely:

1. Guide the steps or stages that must be done
2. Rules, to limitations regarding tools/materials/activities to do so
3. The contents of the activities that must be carried out in sequence (if not in sequence, then they are called tips, not procedures).

Meanwhile, when viewed from the language used, the characteristics of this text are as follows:

1. Using a command sentence because the procedure text will instruct the reader to carry out an activity in steps.
2. There are sentences of suggestions and prohibitions in order to obtain maximum results when using, making.
3. Using words with accurate measurements and units (e.g., gram flour, five pieces of turmeric rhizome, etc.).
4. Using groups of sentences with clear boundaries (for example: boil until it becomes mush, fold the right end so that it forms an isosceles triangle, etc.).

Procedure Text Structure

The structure of the procedure text tends to be simple and easy to understand. The structure consists of 1) objectives, 2) tools and materials (for the type of procedure how to make), 3) steps (stages), 4) cover.

The following is the explanation, according to Priyatni (2014, p. 87), which reveals that the structure of the procedure text is divided into four parts, namely:

1.      Title

The title can be taken based on consideration of the name of the object/something to be made/done and the way of doing/using something.

2.      Purpose

It is an introduction that explains the purpose of the procedure. The form can be in the form of a statement stating the purpose of writing. Not infrequently, the goal is in the form of several introductory paragraphs that state the purpose of writing.

3.      Materials or tools(usually, for this type of procedure create)

Usually in the form of lists or details, but can also be made into paragraphs. This section is, of course, only used for certain types of procedures, such as how to do something with a specific tool or to make something that requires materials.

4.      Stages (Steps)

The stages are usually separated by number in the form of a list of stages. Stages can be indicated using sequence words such as: first, second, third and so on. Can also use words that show the order of time: now, then, after and so on. Stages can also be started with a word indicating a command: add stir, drain, heat, etc.

Meanwhile, according to Kosasih (2014, p.68), the structure of complex procedure texts includes:

1.      Purpose

It contains an introduction related to the target or the reason for the instructions that will be presented in the steps section (stages).

2.      Steps

This is the discussion section that is filled with instructions for working on something that is arranged systematically.

3.      Closing

Usually, it is enough to fill in the necessary sentences, not necessarily in the form of a conclusion.

Interesting right? There are differences, but both still refer to the same structure. Why? Because experts do not only study science, they will also try to make different interpretations of the source of learning in order to develop it.

Features of Procedure Text Language Rules

According to Priyatni (2014: 89), in general, the linguistic characteristics of procedure texts are as follows:

1. Using numbering to indicate sequence or stage,
2. Using words and sentences that show commands,
3. Use words and sentences that describe conditions.

In addition to the imperative sentences and some of the points above, this text also tends to use adverbs of the method, adverb of means, and adverb of purpose. The full description based on the book published by (Kemdikbud 2017, p. 108) is as follows.

Imperative sentence

Command sentences are sentences that contain the meaning of ordering or asking the reader to do something according to what the author wants.

Command Sentence Characteristics:

1. The intonation in the middle of the sentence rises or rises.
2. Ends with an exclamation mark (!).
3. Command sentences use an inversion pattern (the predicate precedes the subject).
4. Tend to use the particle "lah" or "kan".

Description How

Adverbials that add to the description of how to do activities or steps that will occur, for example:

1. Wrap the dough tightly.
2. Drink the liquid after stirring well.
3. By always washing hands regularly, we will avoid the covid-19 virus.

Tool Description

This adverbial describes the tools that will be used inactivity in the procedure, for example:

1. The loggers cut down trees with chainsaws.
2. Image of batik motif on cloth using canting.
3. The tailor makes clothes with traditional sewing tools.

Description of destination

This adverbial adds objective information to the sentence, for example: for, so, and so.

Description of degree/quantity

This word adds an adverb of quantity to a sentence it accompanies, for example:

1. After dyeing, remove the fabric as soon as possible.
2. Take two steps to the right and count four claps once.
3. At least the plants are fertilized once a month.

Description of terms

This adverb adds an explanation of the conditions for the occurrence of an event (if). For example: If the night used on the canting is too hot, it will damage the fabric.

Explanation of consequences

This adverb adds to the adverb of the consequences resulting from an event/activity (until, consequently, so, until, to be). Example: Fry the dough until brown.

Sentences of Suggestion/Prohibition

Procedures are made with the aim that a method can be carried out effectively and safely. So suggestions and prohibitions to prevent a dangerous action will be widely used. Example:

1. To achieve the best results, use bamboo that has been dried for at least one year.
2. Remember, don't move too fast, or your neck muscles are at risk of injury!

Using Connecting Words, Deletions, References

Steps in the guide can be associated with phrases such as then, now, next, after this. Sometimes, writers use certain words too often and cause sentences to be ineffective.

To overcome this, it is necessary to eliminate or eliminate certain parts that are the same as previously mentioned. Example:

1. Cook the glutinous rice flour and coconut milk for 30 minutes.
2. Keep stirring the cooked flour and coconut milk until thickened and brown.

Use of -I and -kan suffixes

The suffix i is used when the object in the sentence does not move. The suffix –kan is used when the object is moving. Example:

Grease the pan with butter.

Spread butter on the pan.

Language Characteristics of Complex Procedure Texts

Kosasih (2014, p.71) explains several rules of language use that apply to complex procedure texts as follows.

1. Because it is a clue, complex procedure texts will use a lot of imperative sentences.
2. The use of imperative sentences has consequences that result in many texts using imperative verbs, namely words that express orders, imperatives, or prohibitions. For example: make, create, arrange, must, don't, need, don't need.
3. In complex procedures, there are many temporal conjunctions, namely connecting conjunctions that express the time sequence of events, such as: and, then, then, after that, next. These words are present as a consequence of the steps in using something that is sequential/stages or chronologically.
4. Many use words that indicate time, such as sometime later, half an hour later, one hour later.
5. Many use adverbs of how, for example: carefully, quickly, slowly.
6. Using words that describe the sequence of activities, such as: first, second, third, fourth and so on.
7. In the type of procedure that makes something, there are many detailed descriptions of the objects used, including the number, shape, and size to be used.

Steps to Write Procedure Text

The steps for compiling a procedure text are as follows:

1.      Reviewing the procedure to be written

It means finding out, researching and making sure that we know a good procedure to do or make something.

2.      List the tools/materials and steps needed

List in advance the tools and materials needed to be based on the procedures that have been reviewed.

3.      Editing and revising text

After registering and starting to write text spontaneously based on the list of tools/materials and steps needed, edit and revise the various errors that may occur.

Steps to Write a Complex Procedure Text

To produce a complex procedure text, writing a manual requires more planned steps and more thorough preparation. The materials must also be based on clear and more accountable sources.

The steps for writing complex procedure texts, according to Kosasih (2013, p.97), are as follows.

1. Determine the general theme of the essay or the topic of the essay
2. Gather information sources
3. List topics that can be developed into an outline with sources on the collected materials
4. Sort the topics correctly, whether it's in chronological order, important not important, cause and effect, or other appropriate patterns.
5. Develop frameworks into a clear and correct guide.

Example of Procedure Text

Examples of procedure texts and their structures and in various types and themes can be seen in the article below.

Example of a complete procedure text withits structure

 

Continue reading Procedure Text: Definition, Characteristics, Types, Rules (Complete)

Example of a Discussion Text and its Structure (Various Themes)

Example discussion text and its structure will be discussed in full in this article. Here are some examples of discussion texts with different themes, ranging from examples of discussion texts on health, education, and promiscuity.

Sample Discussion Text on Health

As we know, the structure of the discussion text consists of (1) introduction, (2) content (several main ideas and reasons or evidence), and (3) conclusion. The example below uses a discussion text model with two points of view, two reasons and evidence, plus one additional point of view to complete the discussion.

The Danger of Covid-19 for the Elderly and Young Generation

introduction

Covid-19 is a disease caused by the coronavirus. The virus can spread quickly through the fluids released by the sufferer, both mucus from the nose and saliva from the mouth. This disease is very dangerous, especially among the elderly.

Main idea

This virus is known to attack the lungs quickly in elderly people. This is due to the vulnerability of the elderly's immune system. When the virus manages to paralyze the lungs, the sufferer has a small chance of being able to recover.

Reasons and Supporting Evidence

This can be seen from the statistics on the number of victims of the WHO. According to data compiled by WHO, 8 out of 10 people who died from this virus were aged 65 years and over. So it can be concluded that COVID-19 is very dangerous, especially for the elderly.

Main Idea Another Point of View

But that does not mean that this virus is not dangerous for young people. In fact, there are some people who are relatively young but do not manage to recover. In New York City, a 15-year-old boy died of complications from Covid-19.

Reasons and Evidence Supporting Other Points

The case was reported in the New York Times newspaper containing the WHO warning about the dangers of the coronavirus to youth. The news states that COVID-19 is also very dangerous for young people, especially those who are known to have a history of illness or have poor health. For example, congenital disease or obesity (overweight).

Another Main Idea (third)

Even if we don't fall into the two categories vulnerable to COVID-19, we must remain vigilant and always follow the government's health protocols to avoid and reduce the transmission rate. If we are strong, it doesn't mean we don't have to be afraid, but we are afraid to pass it on to people who are vulnerable to COVID-19. It could be that that person is the people closest to us, including our parents.

Conclusion

In the end, we all have to be careful and vigilant against covid-19. Does not see the limit of our age, health, or endurance. Together we fight this virus by maintaining distance, maintaining health, maintaining cleanliness and following various other health protocols that the government has set.

Example of a Discussion Text on Education

Advancing Education with the Independent Learning Program

introduction

Freedom to learn is a new idea launched by Mas Minister Nadiem Makarim, who wants to provide freedom of learning for all Indonesian people. This idea provides various reforms that allow various parties to be more flexible in carrying out teaching and learning activities.

Main Idea 1

One of the advantages is how the RPP documents that teachers must prepare can now be completed through only one sheet of documents. Previously, the teacher had to prepare a lesson plan consisting of dozens to tens of sheets before being able to present learning materials to students.

Reasons and Supporting Evidence 1

RPP stands for lesson plan implementation. Through the minister of education and culture regulation number 14 of 2019, the Ministry of Education and Culture has inaugurated the RPP format, which only consists of 1 sheet of documents.

Main Idea 2

On the other hand, student learning and tests were also evaluated. Mas minister wants to replace the National Examination with a Minimum Competency Assessment (AKM) and a Character Survey which is considered fairer in determining whether or not a student has graduated from school.

Reasons and Supporting Evidence 2

AKM is done by assessing students' literacy and numeracy abilities. "Literacy is the ability to analyze reading and understand the concepts behind the writing," said Mas Minister Nadiem at an event at the Bidakara Hotel, Jakarta, Wednesday (11/12/2019). "While numeration is the ability to analyze data through numbers," he continued.

Main Idea 3 Viewpoint

Meanwhile, at the higher education level, independent learning gives students the freedom to study according to their needs. Mas Minister allows students to spend 1-2 full semesters studying off-campus. The method can be directly involved in the field, namely internships or temporary work in companies related to education on campus. Another way is to study at another campus as a comparative study.

Conclusion

The independent learning program is a program that is able to liberate our education in a better direction than before. This program can also be said to be one of the most innovative programs ever compiled by the Ministry of Education and Culture. As educational participants, we should welcome it with careful preparation and follow it with all our heart to participate in its success.

Example of a Discussion Text about Free Association

Dangers of Promiscuity

introduction

Free association is a topic that is always discussed from time to time. How not, promiscuity can negatively impact the growth and development of student's character, attitudes, and morals. But on the other hand, the association is an important part of human beings as social beings.

Main Idea 1

If not controlled, promiscuity can have a negative impact on students, especially teenagers. If we trust a stranger too easily, he may actually have bad intentions towards us. This bad intention can be done openly, or even the most dangerous is by stealth.

Reasons and Supporting Evidence 1

However, this could also be done accidentally by parties who have a bad influence on victims of promiscuity. The evidence is that there has been a murder case against Nurhikmah, a resident of Cerih Village, Jatinegara District, Tegal Regency, Central Java, which was reported by detik news on Thursday, August 15, 2019. After an investigation was carried out, the cause was promiscuity among teenagers, which caused them to rarely go home, drink alcohol, and end up having disagreements. Understand drunk.

Main Idea 2

Meanwhile, always staying open and welcoming anyone well is something to do anyway. Control or restriction is what must be done. We just want to be friends with anyone but don't want to get involved in the slightest with people who provide invitations and bad influences on us. Intercourse, if done with good control, will have a tremendous effect back as well.

Reasons and Supporting Evidence 2

One of them is an increase in learning motivation that can be generated from healthy peer relationships. In their research on the effect of peer association on learning motivation, Fitria, Rosra, and Mayasari (2017) revealed that based on the results of data analysis carried out, there was a significant influence between peer association on peer association learning motivation.

Conclusion

The conclusion can be ascertained that promiscuity can have a negative impact on students. These influences include rarely going home, hanging out too freely, drinking alcohol, even drugs. Meanwhile, good positive relationships can actually provide motivation to learn. Control is the main tool that must be done in socializing.

Continue reading Example of a Discussion Text and its Structure (Various Themes)

Discussion Text: Structure, Definition, Examples, Characteristics, etc. (Complete)

Definition of Discussion Text

A discussion text is a text that presents several different opinions and points of view on an issue being discussed. This statement is in line with the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 116), which states that the discussion text is a text that presents different opinions, points of view, or perspectives on a problem.

Its daily use can be found in student council meetings, RT, and official company and government meetings. In addition, this type of text is usually found on a controversial issue that raises various opinions from the public.

Definition of Discussion Text According to Experts

In fact, discussion texts are a healthy way to solve problems that cause disagreements when compared to just commenting on them from one point of view. This statement is in accordance with the expert opinion below.

Mulyadi (2015, p. 130) suggests that the discussion text is a text that contains an explanation of a problem, differences of opinion that occur, and solutions that are a way out of differences of opinion in the text.

The discussion text can also provide more enlightenment from other points of view because it could be that our point of view is not quite right or not perfect. A discussion text is a text that discusses or discusses a topic from various aspects to provide a different and wider perspective, insight, horizon (Priyatni et al. 2014:76).

Discussion Text Structure

In general, the structure of the discussion text consists of three aspects that make it up, namely: 1) Introduction, 2) Content, 3) Conclusion (Kemdikbud, 2017, p. 121). However, in practice, the content of the discussion text will consist of at least two different main ideas; pros and cons or agree and disagree.

In addition, the nature of the discussion text is an exposition (opinion) which means it requires evidence or supporting reasons for each idea. Therefore, the discussion text will at least have a structure as described below:

1. Introduction (Issue or problem)
2. Contents, consisting of a) main ideas and reasons and supporting evidence, b) main ideas from other points of view and reasons and supporting evidence. The main idea in the discussion text is usually called the supporting argument and the opposing argument.
3. Conclusion/suggestion

The explanation above is strengthened by the opinion of Mulyadi (2015, p. 131) and Priyatni et al. (2014), which states that the structure of the discussion text consists of 1) issues/problems, 2) arguments (pro-cons), and 3) conclusions.

Based on the opinions of the experts above, it can be concluded that the discussion text is a text that contains a description of the topic of the problem that contains arguments for and against the topic being discussed and ends with drawing a neutral conclusion (in the form of a solution).

To clarify what is meant by the structure of the discussion text below is an explanation of each part that makes up its structure, starting with the introduction.

Introduction (Issue/Problem)

The introduction contains a statement to delimit the topic. The form is the limitation of the problem or issue being discussed. It also describes the background of the topic to different points of view, which will be discussed as well. These three things are the main content of the introduction in the discussion text.

Mulyadi (2015, p. 131) argues that the issues section of the discussion text is the part of the presentation that contains questions or statements to lead the reader to the problem or issue to be discussed.

Contents

The content is in the form of a series of paragraphs composed of at least two paragraphs of main ideas with different points of view (pros and cons). Each paragraph contains the main idea accompanied by reasons (arguments) and supporting evidence.

Complementing the above statement, Priyatni et al. (2014, p. 76) suggest that arguments or opinions are used to support or reject statements or opinions in discussions.

Conclusion

Contains conclusions that can be drawn from two or three ideas from different points of view. Here also can be drawn from solutions that can be drawn from various ideas. In addition, we can also provide suggestions on how to overcome the problems discussed.

The conclusion is the final point of view: problem-solving (Mulyadi 2015, p. 131).

Characteristics of Discussion Text

Wiratno (2014) mentions the characteristics of discussion texts, namely:

1. Arranged with the text structure: issues, arguments against and supporting arguments, and ends with conclusions or recommendations.
2. Contains material, relational, and mental verbs proportionally.
3. Using conjunctions that show contrast, such as: however, but on the other hand, on the other hand, etc., to contrast two opposing ideas.
4. Using modalities to build opinions or recommendations.

In addition, Mulyadi (2014, p. 137) states that the characteristics or characteristics of the discussion text are:

1. The structure of the text is in the form of issues, arguments (pro-cons), and conclusions
2. Having language characteristics contained in the discussion text, namely using general terms, comparison or contrast, and words of support or refusal.

Type of Discussion Text

Several types of discussion texts are as follows:

1.      Seminar

It is a special meeting that is held systematically and upholds academic value, which aims to conduct a thorough study of a particular topic. Various problem solutions were presented by the presenters and presenters but still involved the discussion interaction of the seminar participants, accompanied by scholarly speakers (Professors).

2.      Symposium

A symposium is a series of short speeches or lectures in front of participants (symposium) from a leader to be discussed together and draw the best conclusions from the results of the discussion.

3.      Panel Discussion (Group)

The panel discussion is a forum for exchanging ideas by a group of people facing each other. Each group has prepared opinion materials and evidence on a problem topic that will be brought up for discussion.

4.      Conference

It is a large meeting or meeting held to negotiate or exchange opinions on a problem that will be faced together. Usually involves large institutions such as countries, for example, the Asian-African Conference.

5.      Congress

Congress is a large meeting of representatives of organizations, whether political, social, or professional organizations (doctors, architects, artists, etc.), to discuss and make decisions on a topic of problems that must be resolved.

6.      Conference

The congress is the highest deliberation held by the central leadership in an organization. This meeting will be attended by representatives of the organization to make decisions regarding a problem that is being faced together within the organization itself.

7.      Workshop

A workshop is a meeting held by experts in a particular field to discuss or discuss a problem related to their expertise.

8.      Brainstorming

It is a technical discussion related to creation or creativity. Brainstorming is carried out to find a solution to something that must be created or held by collecting spontaneous ideas from group members.

Language Characteristics of Discussion Text (Rules)

According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 131), The linguistic features of the discussion text are as follows:

1. Using The sentences used in the discussion text show the present time. Because usually, the topic of the discussion text is usually an actual problem that is happening.
2. The words are also used to indicate the present time or what is happening, such as: currently, now, need, act, save, stop, fix, etc.
3. Words represent thoughts and feelings that express the emotions of the author, for example: believe, believe, think, feel, admire, happy, surprised, doubt, hope, like.
4. Using emotive words that make the reader seem to see and feel the emotions of the problem as the author or speaker thinks. Example: amazing, ferocious, wild, savage, valuable, special, dirty, unique, etc.
5. Using evaluative language to examine arguments and supporting evidence. For example, narrow-minded, very clear, favorable for the future, unrecognizable, just a choice, easier, simpler.
6. Using the word modality or degree of certainty, which is a word that has the meaning of possibility and reality stated in the sentence. For example: should, should, always, usually, almost, almost, sometimes, unquestionably, etc.
7. Conjunctions and markers of cohesion – coherence. Cohesion is the cohesion achieved through the form of the word, while coherence is the coherence achieved through the meaning of the word. So, conjunctions that signify cohesion – coherence means conjunctions that combine words based on their form and meaning, for example: but also, first, secondly, finally, while, although, the main, because, because of that.

Concluding the Contents of the Discussion Text

Concluding the content of the discussion text is directly related to its constituent structure, namely the introduction and content. Does the content have at least two different main ideas or points of view? If yes, then the text is a discussion text.

After that, compare the two main ideas and see what gaps there are in common. Try to draw each of the advantages and disadvantages of the two main ideas. Take the advantages of each and discard the disadvantages. Combine the two ideas into one coherent idea.

Presenting Discussion Text

Mulyadi (2015) argues that in order for us to be able to present a discussion text well, it is necessary to pay attention to the steps of writing a discussion text as follows:

1.      Determining the Topic

The thing that must be considered is that the topic chosen must cause pros and cons in the community. In addition, the issues to be raised must be factual and contextual in nature so that they are widely discussed by the community (Priyatni et al. 2014, p. 138).

2.      Collecting Supporting Evidence

The data collected is data related to the pros and cons of the issues to be discussed. Various evidence data is also collected from trusted sources such as research centers, interviews with relevant sources, survey institutions, etc. This stage must also collect the reasons for and against the topic discussed.

3.      Looking for Solution

After the two main ideas against and supporters of the topic are collected, the next step is to find a solution from the two opinions. The solution determined must be based on consideration of the data and supporting evidence that has been collected.

4.      Start Writing

This activity can be started by paying attention to the structure of the discussion text. The first thing to write is the main sentence of the issue, followed by the main sentence of the two arguments. Develop the main sentence into paragraphs and end with a conclusion.

Sample Discussion Text

Breakfast Makes Fat?

Introduction (Issue)

There is a tendency for young women to avoid breakfast for fear of being fat. Is it true that breakfast can increase our weight?

Contents

Main Idea (Argument in favor of )

Some people think that skipping breakfast can lose weight or reduce obesity. Not having breakfast can also be said to be short-term fasting. According to Deddy Corbuzier, in the OCD program he initiated, it was stated that the body would begin to increase lipolysis (the process of releasing fat) in a short fast.

It decreases illusions and increases lipolytic hormones (such as glucagon, growth hormone, and catecholamines). Fat cells get a strong order and open their doors to burn.

This means that short-term fasting or skipping breakfast will not lower the body's metabolism.

Main Idea of ​​Another Point of View (Argument against)

Of course, whether or not breakfast is necessary raises pros and cons against some people. However, it would be better if we always get used to breakfast. When you are active on an empty stomach, your metabolism will slow down, which will hinder the burning of calories.

This means, in other words, breakfast after an empty stomach all night will increase the body's metabolism, which means burning calories will be more efficient. However, if we have breakfast, we will be more excited and have the energy to carry out daily activities.

On the other hand, if our stomach is empty, of course, we will feel weak in carrying out activities less than optimal. In addition, the benefits of breakfast are to increase brain capacity and improve our spirit or mood.

Conclusion

Based on these two opinions, it can be concluded that there are two different opinions about the importance of breakfast. We ourselves will choose to have breakfast or not breakfast in the morning

Examples of other discussion texts can be seen on the page below:

Read also: Example of a Discussion Text and its Structure (VariousThemes)

Continue reading Discussion Text: Structure, Definition, Examples, Characteristics, etc. (Complete)

Examples of Anecdotal Texts and Their Structures (Social, Political, Etc.)

Anecdotal text is a funny story punctuated by subtle satire as a form of criticism of a particular problem. The following is a collection of humorous and satirical anecdotal examples written briefly and structured to provide more meaningful context.

Social Anecdotal Text Example

Hotter Than the Sun

Orientation

Today was hotter than usual. Roni's legs were not able to hold her body anymore. He decided to sit at an old bus stop that was no longer in use. Before long, someone in a hat sat next to him.

The middle-aged man did not show a frown of complaint against the hot sun like Roni. He was wearing a thick jacket, though. The profile of his face is covered by a shabby safari hat, and part of his mouth is covered by a batik-patterned scarf.

Complications / Crisis

Surprised to see the mysterious figure, Roni greeted him with a bit of pleasantry.

Roni: "It's really hot today, sir."

Mysterious Man: "Yes," he answered coldly.

Roni: "Aren't you hot wearing that thick scarf and jacket?"

Mysterious Man: "No," he answered simply.

Roni: "It's hot, sir, shouldn't it be hot?"

The Mysterious Man was silent and still didn't turn his face in front of Roni. His face was flat, and he did not show any emotion.

Roni didn't care about the old figure's attitude and reached for his cellphone in his pocket. It didn't take long for him to be hypnotized, engrossed in scrolling news feeds in his social media applications.

Then, the mysterious figure next to him turned his face away while letting out a long breath. He then turned his gaze to Roni's device while saying, "I think what you are reading is much hotter."

Reaction

Roni was a bit surprised to hear those words and was confused by the old man's words. But after a few seconds later, he smirked and chuckled, punctuated by a gust of air that was more than his laughter. "This man could do it."

Example of a Short Anecdote Text

Greater than Journalists

Orientation

The class will start soon, all students have sat neatly in class, and the teacher has come and stood in front of the class. The subject schedule that afternoon was Indonesian. After praying and carrying out the habituation, Mrs. Farida started learning.

Complications

Teacher: "Today we will study news text material" The students then began to open the notes and textbooks they brought.

Teacher: "Do you know who wrote the news?" asked Mrs. Farida.

Student: "Reporter ma'am," answered one of the students.

Teacher: "That's right, Journalists are great people who will cover news even in dangerous zones such as war zones,"

Teacher: "They also have higher education in Language or Journalism and have high flying hours in writing news texts,"

Teacher: "In fact, it's so great that only a handful of people can get official permission to become a journalist,"

Teacher: "But there is one more profession that is far greater than journalists in writing news," he concluded.

Student: "What profession, ma'am?"

Teacher: "Netizen." The answer is short.

All the students in the class looked surprised to hear this answer. Followed by one of the students who asked, "Why are netizens more powerful, ma'am?"

Teacher: "It's great because events that don't happen can become news."

Reaction

Suddenly the whole class laughed out loud, listening to Mrs. Farida's explanation. Apparently, Mrs. Farida was joking about this greater figure in order to insinuate unscrupulous netizens who are not responsible for writing hoax news or fake news.

Example of anecdotal text satirizing your ex

Study Friends

Orientation

Sunday morning Bimo was jogging in Saparua, his favorite sports field. From a distance, he saw someone who looked familiar. It turned out to be a high school friend he hadn't seen in a long time.

Complications / Crisis

He is also his former crush, Ria. Ria was running with a man whose figure Bimo did not recognize. Before long, Bimo saw the two of them stop running and hold hands.

Bimo: "Well, Ria, how are you?" who is Bimo?

Ria: "Eh, Bimo… well. Ria replied while letting go of the hand of the man who was with her"

Bimo: "With who? Study buddy huh?" Bimo replied.

Ria: "Not really, just friends."

Bimo: "Oh, I thought you were a study friend."

Reaction

Ria then said goodbye and left with a blushing face. Bimo left while giggling, remembering the reason Ria asked him to break up. Ria revealed that the reason was to focus on studying. Even though Bimo already knew the real reason, the man who was with Ria earlier.

Example of Long Anecdote Text

The length in question is that the anecdotal text here is considered quite long in the editorial delivery. Unlike other anecdotal texts, this text prioritizes narrative as its character, not dialogue.

Lebai Malang

Orientation

It begins with the story of a religious teacher who lives on the bank of a river in a village in West Sumatra. Once upon a time, he got a party invitation from two rich people in a neighboring village.

Complications / Crisis

But unfortunately, the party was held on the same day and time. So Mr. Lebai weighed the advantages and disadvantages of the two invitations. However, he was never able to make decisions quickly.

He then thought that if he went to the village upstream, the host would give him two buffalo heads as a gift. However, he did not really know the host. It is said that according to rumors, the food of the upstream people is not as good as the downstream people.

If he goes to the downstream party, he will get only one buffalo head, but it is cooked well. He also knows the host in the downstream village of the river very well. However, the hosts upstream will provide their guests with extra cakes.

Finally, until he started pedaling his boat, Mr. Lebai still couldn't decide which party he was going to attend. First, the canoe is pedaled towards the upper reaches of the river. Only halfway did he change his mind. He turned to row the boat downstream.

As soon as he reached the downstream village, he saw some guests heading up the river. The guest said that the buffalo slaughtered there was very thin. Mr. Lebai also changed the course of his boat towards the upstream of the river. Arriving at the edge of the village upstream of the river, the guests had gone home. The rush there has ended.

Pak Lebai then quickly rowed his boat to the downstream village. Unfortunately, the party there was over.

Reaction

In the end, Mr. Lebai grumbled and regretted his actions. He did not get any of the buffalo head dishes he wanted.

Example of Political Anecdote Text

Disband Street

Orientation

The headmaster looked very confused about the various turbulent problems in this country. The thing that bothers him the most is how his institution is always unable to solve the various problems that exist in this country.

Complications / Reactions

So confused, he finally asked the mentor figure he had long considered as the most meritorious figure in his political career. The figure is none other than Mbah Tedjo, who always gives him wise and wise advice.

Mr. Head: "Mbah Tejo I want to ask for help lately I have been confused with my own institution."

Mbah Tedjo: "How dizzy, sir?"

Mr. Head: "My institution is having a hard time solving various problems in this country; I don't know what else to do."

Mbah Tedjo: "Oh, I see, then I have a suggestion to solve it."

Mr. Head: "What advice, Mbah?"

Mbah Tedjo: "What if the head's institution is dissolved?"

Mr. Head: "Wow… this sis.. is nothing."

Mbah Tedjo: "Well, if it's dissolved, the problem will disappear, right? There's nothing to think about anymore."

Mr. Head: "My head is also missing, Mbah."

Reaction

They both laughed, and Mbah Tedjo continued his conversation to a serious level. Apparently, the joke was started to relax the head's mind. This is why Mr. Head has always trusted Mbah Tedjo as his mentor and even spiritual teacher.

Continue reading Examples of Anecdotal Texts and Their Structures (Social, Political, Etc.)

Anecdotal Text: Definition, Structure, Elements, Rules & Examples

Understanding Anecdotal Text

Anecdotal text is a story inspired by facts that are funny (contains humor), along with subtle criticism or other positive implied meanings. This statement is in line with the opinion of Kosasih (2017, p. 2), who argues that anecdotal texts are texts in the form of stories that contain humor as well as criticism. Therefore, anecdotes are often sourced from factual stories with real prominent figures.

Meanwhile, Mayora et al. (2017, p.193) argue that anecdotal text is a funny story text and aims to insinuate someone or a bad habit. So, it can be concluded that anecdotal text is a funny story that aims to entertain and subtly provide constructive criticism so that the text is more meaningful to read.

Anecdotal Text Structure

Kosasih (2017: 5) suggests that Anecdotal text has five text structures, including abstraction, orientation, crisis, reaction, and coda. Here is the explanation.

1.      Abstraction

It is an introduction that tells or reveals the background and general description of the contents of a text.

2.      Orientation

It is the part of the story that leads to the occurrence of a crisis, conflict, or main event. This section is the cause of the crisis or complications in the next section.

3.      Crisis or complications

The main part of the core events of an anecdote. In this section, there is humor or silliness that tickles and invites laughter as well as satire or criticism delivered.

4.      Reaction

Is a response or response to a previously stated crisis. Reactions can be as simple as laughing, being sarcastic, or using it as a form of irony.

5.      Coda

It is a conclusion and a sign of the end of the story. Coda may include comments, approvals, or re-explanations of the intent of the previously described story.

Anecdotal Text Elements

In addition to structure, because the anecdotal text is a story, the anecdotal text has elements of story building. According to Kosasih (2017, p. 19), the elements in anecdotal stories are characters, plot, and setting. Here is the description.

1.      Figure

Characters are participants who are involved in the story in the anecdote text. Characters in anecdotal texts are factual, usually famous people.

2.      Plot

The plot is a storyline in the form of a series of events that actually happened or have received polish or additions from the anecdote maker himself.

3.      Background

The setting in the anecdote's time, place, or atmosphere is expected to be factual. It means to be in real life.

Read also: Prose: Definition, Elements, Types & Complete Explanation

Anecdotal Text Language Rules

According to Kosasih (2017, p. 9), Anecdotes belong to the story genre text. Based on this, linguistically, anecdotes have the following characteristics.

1. Many use direct or indirect sentences.
2. Using the name of a third person singular, either by directly mentioning the name of a factual character or a disguised character.
3. Many use adverbs of time. This is related to the form of anecdotes in the form of stories, presented chronologically or following the order of time.
4. It uses material verbs, which are words that indicate an activity. This is related to the characters' actions and the plot that forms a series of events or an activity related to the story.
5. Many use connecting words or conjunctions that have a chronological meaning (adverb of time), such as: then, finally, then.
6. Many also use explanatory or explanatory conjunctions, such as that, because. This is directly related to the dialogue of the characters, which is changed from direct form to indirect sentence.

Meanwhile, the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 95) stated that the typical linguistic elements are as follows:

1. Use sentences that express past events.
2. Many use rhetorical-style sentences or sentence questions that do not require an answer.
3. Using conjunctions or connecting words that express time (chronological) relationships such as: finally, then, then.
4. Use action verbs such as: write, read, and walk.
5. Using a command sentence or imperative sentence.
6. Using exclamation points, especially for anecdotes presented in the form of dialogue, the use of direct sentences is very dominant.

Difference between Anecdote and Humor

So what is the difference between an anecdote and ordinary humor? Here is a comparison table of anecdotes and humor.

Aspect	Anecdote	Humor
Story idea:	Real events	design
Contents:	Problems related to public or famous figures who have a big influence on many people	The problems of everyday life experienced by many people
Communication Function:	Delivering criticism in the form of humorous satire but still conveyed in a subtle way	Entertain
Implied Meaning	Usually has an implied meaning in the form of suggestions, hopes or constructive criticism that is objective and does not corner one party (inviting everyone to introspect)	Has no implied meaning

 

Types of Anecdotal Text

Luxemburg et al. (1992: 160) suggest that the types of anecdotal texts are as follows.

1.      Anecdotal Articles

Articles can be in the form of a narrative format in which the story has clear characters, plots, events, and settings.

2.      Anecdotal Short Stories

Anecdotes in the form of short stories usually only tell something straightforward so that the story is not convoluted so that the reader can more easily understand the jokes and satire of the text.

3.      Anecdotal Dialog Text

Dialogue text is the primary means of anecdotal text. Why? Because the dialogue text is the main language situation to convey jokes. So, it is possible to make anecdotal dialogue texts.

Example of a Short Anecdote Text

Make laws

Dodi came to visit his cousin, Allan, who lives in a city.

One quiet morning, Dodi was invited to find breakfast; they took the car, of course, Allan was driving.

Oh, the red light flashed at the crossroads, but Allan kept going, so Dodi reprimanded his cousin.

Dodi: Red light, why do you keep going?!

Allan: Alah... don't worry, in this country I can make laws...!, he answered casually...

Dodi: How is that possible?!

Allan : (Pulls the car over)

Dodi: Why step aside?!

Allan: Want to answer your question !!, he answered curtly.

Dodi: Why should you step aside?!

Allan : (The car was stopped, then reached into his trouser pocket and took his thick wallet and put it in front of Dodi saying): This is the answer!! While hitting the gas…

Dodi: Oh...!!!

Spider web

When the lecturer gave a lecture on the Sociology of Law, he asked a student named Elisa.

Lecturer: Sister Elisa, please describe as briefly as possible the condition of law enforcement in our beloved country…! he asked;

Elisa: Like a cobweb, sir!!" he answered firmly;

Lecturer: What do you mean...?!

Elisa: If the mosquito class will be caught and can't move, sir! while for the beetle class, well…, it's broken, sir…!!;

Lecturer: What about crow class?!

Elisa: I don't know, sir...!!

Other students: Hahaha

(Source: Tamao Feryzawa's blog)

KUHP

A lecturer at the Faculty of Law is giving a lecture on Criminal Law

Ali asked the lecturer, what does the Criminal Coda stand for, sir...?

The lecturer did not answer himself but threw it at Ahmad. "Brother Ahmad, please help me to answer brother Ali's question," asked the lecturer.

Ahmad replied, "Give money after the case, sir...!!!" he said.

The other students, of course, laughed, while the lecturer shook his head, adding a question to Ahmad, "Brother Ahmad, how did you know the answer?!!

"Basically, Ahmad," the lecturer's question was answered firmly, "the English proverb says experience is the best teacher, sir...!!!"

Cigarette smoke

In the morning, Andi walks to the bus stop, where people want to wait for the bus to go to work. After arriving at the bus stop, he asked a factory worker who was waiting for the Kopaja bus while smoking. Then Andi started a conversation, "Ouch, the smoke from the Mayasari bakti bus is thick and gross." Then the factory worker responded to Andi's statement, "Yes.. Kopaja smoke is also thick." Then Andi replied, "How do you react if you see people who cause more pollution than the bus smoke?" The factory worker replied, "Just beat it up, man." Then Andi beat the factory workers. After beating the man, Andi gave a brochure to the worker.

Then Andi walked not far from the bus stop and found a private employee who was smoking and waiting for the bus. So Andi started a conversation with the person, "Oh, the smoke from vehicles in Jakarta is thick, even though vehicles in Jakarta are required to carry out emission tests." Then the private employee responded, "Yes.. No wonder Global Warming happened." Andi again asked the person, "How do you respond to people who cause more pollution than vehicle fumes?" The private employee replied, "If the cause is the factory, just bake it. If the cause is human, just tamper so that he realizes." Then Andi slapped the person and gave the person a brochure.

 

Read also : Examples of Anecdotal Texts and Their Structures (Social, Political, Etc.)

Continue reading Anecdotal Text: Definition, Structure, Elements, Rules & Examples

Examples of Editorial Texts and Their Structures (Various Themes)

Example editorial text this article is taken from newspapers and carries various themes such as health, education, politics, and the environment. Some of the editorials were left as they were in the original articles in the newspaper. However, some others are adapted for more effective and efficient learning purposes.

Example of Editorial Text in Newspaper

The following is an editorial from Koran Tempo on the 27 August 2020 edition regarding the plan to reopen cinemas in Jakarta in the midst of the ongoing pandemic.

Dangers of Cinema Opening

Introduction to Issues (Thesis)

The granting of permits to open cinemas by the DKI Jakarta government is truly beyond reason. There is no urgency to provide such leeway when the Covid-19 outbreak is not under control.

Submission of Opinion (Argument)

In the last two weeks, the average number of new Covid-19 patients in the capital was nearly 600 people every day. That number increased dramatically compared to the data at the end of last July, when the addition of the number of new patients was still in the 400s. In the last two weeks, the positive ratio in Jakarta is also more than 10 percent. That is, there are ten positive people out of every hundred people tested for a swab. This situation is worse than last month when the positive ratio in Jakarta was at the World Health Organization (WHO) safe threshold of 5 percent.

Therefore, it is difficult to understand the reason why DKI Jakarta Governor Anies Baswedan has allowed cinemas to reopen immediately. Indeed, since it was closed in March, thousands of cinema employees have been laid off. There are 343 theaters with 1,756 screens in Indonesia—more than 50 percent of which are in Jakarta and its surroundings. The closing of these cinemas caused the film industry to come to a halt. The shopping center is also empty of visitors. However, economic reasons should not be used as a justification for ignoring considerations of public health and safety.

Governor Anies reasoned that it was possible to open cinemas as long as health protocols were adhered to. In addition to the limited number of viewers entering the cinema, the seating position of moviegoers can be adjusted, just like passengers on an airplane. This is an easy excuse to break because opening a cinema is like inviting a new crowd. The risk of transmitting the coronavirus can soar when the gathering points for residents are reopened.

The statement from the Head of the Expert Team for the Task Force for the Acceleration of Handling Covid-19, Wiku Adisasmito, to support the opening of cinemas is even more absurd. According to him, letting people watch cinemas can increase their immunity. This kind of explanation sounds more like the government's desperation in controlling the transmission of Covid-19. It is as if the Task Force has run out of ideas to suppress the pace of this pandemic in Indonesia.

Reaffirmation

Governor Anies and his staff must not give up in the face of the coronavirus attack. One of Indonesia's main weaknesses in the Covid-19 transmission control program is contact tracing of positive patients. Currently, the government's capacity in tracing patient contact networks is still below WHO standards. The Ministry of Health protocol requires 80 percent of all patient contacts to be traced and isolated within three days after confirmation of the patient's status. If this is not done, it is impossible for the spread of this virus to be suppressed to a minimum.

Instead of being busy opening cinemas, the DKI Jakarta government should spend a budget to assist the Health Service and the Task Force to increase tracking capacity. Without it, any strict social restrictions would be useless. If the outbreak is under control, the economy will surely recover.

Sample Editorial Text on Health

The following is Koran Tempo's editorial on the 10 September 2020 edition with adjustments.

Don't Just Rely on Vaccines

Introduction to Issues (Thesis)

The government's move in forming the National Team for Acceleration of Covid-19 Vaccine Development last week showed that the government relied on the availability of vaccines as a way out of this pandemic. The team consisting of several ministers, research institutes, universities, and the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BPOM) will serve until 31 December next year.

Submission of Opinion (Argument)

However, there are several fundamental problems with this government policy. First, its duties and functions may overlap with the Covid-19 Handling and National Economic Recovery Committee, which the President has established. Although they are still jointly led by the Coordinating Minister for the Economy Airlangga Hartarto, the existence of this team has the potential to hamper the bureaucracy. Moreover, the community has not seen the real results of the committee's work in the field.

Second, the existence of the team also has the potential to clash with the tasks of the Covid-19 Research and Innovation Consortium led by the Ministry of Research and Technology or the National Research and Innovation Agency. In addition to producing rapid tests (covid rapid tests) and ventilators, the consortium is also developing a Red and White vaccine with the Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology. In fact, the government could simply assign this consortium to carry out its instructions regarding the acceleration of vaccine development.

In addition, the scope of this team is not very clear. Making a qualified vaccine certainly requires a lot of time and should not be rushed. For example, people certainly don't want to accelerate the development of the Merah Putih vaccine; instead, it triggers questions from the global research world about its credibility, which even the government doesn't seem to believe in, and forms another team to do it.

Then, the government should be very aware that the third phase of clinical trials is the most important stage of vaccine or drug design. This last phase of clinical trials cannot be rushed. AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford were even forced to stop their clinical trial when they found that participants in a clinical trial in the UK were experiencing serious side effects. So, I don't think there will be much that the national team formed by the President can do.

Reaffirmation

Instead of relying solely on vaccines, the government should improve the capacity to test and track suspect patients. Through various health service centers, the government can actually improve the quality of patient treatment and the readiness of medical personnel so that the death rate for COVID-19 patients does not continue to increase.

Without a concerted effort involving all elements of society, the hope of only one solution could lead to new problems, especially if the vaccine development time is much longer than what was promised by the government. The government cannot store all eggs in one basket; holistic and strict outbreak control efforts must continue to be carried out from various angles.

Example of an Editorial Text about Politics

The example below is an editorial on politics taken from the 09 September 2020 edition of Media Indonesia newspaper.

Pilkada without Identity Politics

Introduction to Issues (Thesis)

The election of regional heads (pilkada) has never been separated from the practice of money politics, identity politics, spreading hoaxes, hate speech, and black campaigning. Even if the five of them do not appear at the same time, at least two democratic parties will be held, namely money politics and identity politics.

Submission of Opinion (Argument)

From the practice of identity politics, hoaxes, hate speech, and black campaigns as their derivatives can also be realized. Identity politics relies on SARA (ethnicity, religion, race, and intergroup). These attributes are actually not related to the quality of potential leaders. However, it is easy to use to obscure the selector from objectivity.

The most extreme impact of identity politics is the division in society that causes social conflicts. The cohesion built by the spirit of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika falls down, so it takes a long time to recover.

Money politics and identity politics are like a corrupt mentality in a democracy that is so deeply rooted that it is difficult to eradicate them. However, that doesn't mean we should give up and let it go.

Law Number 10 of 2016 concerning Regional Elections has regulated the prohibition on the practice of identity politics. Article 69 letter (b) states that campaigns are prohibited from insulting a person, religion, ethnicity, race, group of candidates for governor and or political parties.

Article 69 letter (c) also regulates the prohibition to conduct campaigns in the form of inciting, slandering, pitting political parties, individuals, and or community groups.

Strict sanctions are also regulated in Article 187 paragraph (2). Any person who intentionally violates the provisions on the prohibition of the implementation of the campaign as referred to in Article 69 and so on shall be punished with imprisonment for a minimum of three months or a maximum of 18 months and or a fine of at least Rp. 600,000 or a maximum of Rp. 6,000,000.

Then why is identity politics still rife and even brutal, like in the 2017 DKI Jakarta Pilkada and 2019 Election? Of course, just making rules is not enough. Law enforcement is needed to be able to suppress practices that tarnish democracy. Sanctions should not only decorate the rule sheet until it is economical to drop.

These are all ongoing work of election administrators and law enforcement officials. It also requires the participation of the community to participate in monitoring and self-awareness.

The 2020 Pilkada with a vote that falls on 09 December is not only about money politics and identity politics. The COVID-19 pandemic has pushed into the top position of election vulnerability. This means that the work of organizing and supervising the elections is getting tougher.

On the other hand, voters are gaining momentum in choosing candidates for regional leaders who are most qualified to deal with crises such as disease outbreaks. Candidates must come up with innovative ideas, especially to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic.

It is the voter's job to study the track records of the pairs of candidates and listen to their ideas. Instead of busying themselves with SARA-based incitement, and what's even worse: spreading the word.

Reaffirmation

The 2020 Pilkada must be free from identity politics that can endanger unity and integrity. Therefore, the use of language, narratives, and symbols that endanger the unity and integrity of the community must not be allowed.

Sample Editorial Text about Education

The following is an example of an editorial text about education taken from an editorial in the 10 August 2020 edition of the Tempo newspaper with adjustments.

Don't Bet the Fate of Students

Introduction to Issues (Thesis)

Even in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the government is still obliged to fulfill the rights of the nation's children to obtain an education. Even so, the government should not arbitrarily open schools based on the epidemic status of an area.

Submission of Opinion (Argument)

Last Friday, Minister of Education and Culture Nadiem Makarim allowed schools in the yellow zone to hold offline (face-to-face) learning. The Ministry of Education and Culture previously allowed schools in the green zone to be opened in stages with strict health protocols.

If not implemented carefully, permits based on the area's status can be disastrous. This is because the red, orange, yellow, or green zones are not strict partitions. As long as population movement between regional zones is still free, all zones remain vulnerable to contracting COVID-19.

Permission for face-to-face learning should be given based on the readiness of each school to carry out health protocols properly. The benchmark is not only the availability of transmission prevention facilities. Schools must also ensure that all teachers, staff, students, and parents of students do not have a history of interaction with suspects who have been exposed to the virus. This is not an easy thing.

Minister Nadiem's ​​confession that PJJ or distance learning during the pandemic is not effective is not something that is made up. Many students do not have smartphones and internet access in various areas, especially in remote areas. Not a few teachers are not ready to teach remotely.

The COVID-19 pandemic has indeed shown again how lame Indonesia's infrastructure is. Previously, the OECD or Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development had released data that only 34 percent of Indonesia's population was connected to the internet. The Indonesian Internet Service Provider Association survey in 2018 also revealed similar results. In Java, more than 55.7% of the population can access the internet. Meanwhile, in Kalimantan, only 6.6% are connected to the internet. But all these facts are not a reason to loosen the permit to open schools.

During the pandemic, which is still raging, the government should not make a bet by expanding the area where face-to-face learning is allowed. The policy of opening schools in the yellow zone without guaranteeing their safety will only give the impression that the government has given up hope.

Reaffirmation

The government should try harder to find a way out in overcoming barriers to online learning, for example, by providing adequate allowances and facilities for underprivileged teachers and students. During this pandemic, the role of teachers in saving children's future is as important as the role of medical personnel in saving patients' lives.

While optimizing distance learning, the government should also encourage the family as one of the main places of education. The pandemic has forced parents to stay at home with their children longer. This is an opportunity that can be used by the government to invite parents to intensively guide their own children.

After the epidemic has passed, the government must also be more serious in building equitable education infrastructure. Because only through equal access to education can all the nation's children maintain hope for a better future.

Example of Editorial Text about Environment

The following is an example of an editorial text about the environment that can be disturbed due to sea reclamation (backfilling the sea to make it land). An example of this is an editorial published in the Koran Kompas edition of 13 July 2020 with the author's adjustment.

Ancol Sea Reclamation Hot Ball

Introduction to Issues (Thesis)

Jakarta Governor Anies Baswedan should have given a proper argument before issuing a reclamation permit for the Ancol recreation area. The decision, which was released at the end of February, reneged on his political promises during the campaign. This decision also threatens the environment around the reclamation area and violates the regional and spatial planning regulations.

Anies issued a decree granting permission to expand Dufan and the Eastern Ancol Dreamland to 35 and 120 hectares, respectively. Recently, after the pros and cons emerged, Anies stated that the decision was a legal requirement to utilize the land due to the accumulation of mud from dredging rivers and reservoirs in Jakarta, which became shallow due to sedimentation.

Submission of Opinion (Argument)

The reason for utilizing the results of the accumulation of mud is understandable and quite reasonable. The DKI Jakarta Provincial Government cannot allow the 3.4 million cubic meters of mud which has now turned into a 20-hectare land in East Ancol. Abandoning semi-finished land due to mud compaction will only worsen the environment around the north coast of Jakarta.

It's just that the use of the land should still refer to the spatial and regional planning of DKI Jakarta. The plan is that the expansion of the Ancol area, which is 72 percent owned by the DKI government, will not be included in the existing Spatial Regulation. As a rule, the land that has been formed cannot be used as an excuse to expand the Ancol area.

Anies argued that the purpose of the Ancol expansion was different from the reclamation project in Jakarta Bay. In addition to providing free beach access to the public, he also stated that his party would build a Museum of the Prophet and Islamic civilization in the area to be reclaimed. However, the governor still has to provide arguments regarding the impact of reclamation on the environment.

In fact, one of Anies' political promises to win votes that can then defeat Basuki is to refuse reclamation. This political promise has now been abandoned on the grounds that "it has already been built."

Reaffirmation

So that the Ancol reclamation will not cause problems in the future, Anies should revoke the governor's decision that he has published. After that, first, submit a draft regional regulation regarding detailed spatial and regional plans governing the expansion of Ancol, complete with efforts to avoid the impact of environmental damage. Discussion of the regulation must be transparent so as not to trigger new turmoil.

Continue reading Examples of Editorial Texts and Their Structures (Various Themes)