Definition of Saga
Hikayat is a classic Malay story that features elements of storytelling characterized by the impossibility and magic of the characters. (MoEC Team, 2017, p. 107). The story contains a lot of culture, morals, and other life values, so we can take lessons as a mirror of our lives.
Meanwhile, Sudjiman (2006, p. 34) argues that a saga is a fictional story in literature. Old Malay describes majesty and heroism, sometimes full of meaning from historical stories or life history.
In addition, Hav a (Pertiwi, 2009, p. 46) etymologically, the word "Hikayat" is derived from the Arabic "Hikayat," which means "story," "Stories," "fairy tales." "Hikayat" itself in Arabic comes from the form of the verb "Haka," which means to tell, to say something to someone else.
It can be concluded that saga is a classic Malay fiction story that tells the history of a great or powerful figure with a role model so that various positive values can be learned as a reflection of our lives.
Folklore
For the record, the saga is one type of folklore. Therefore, it helps us to know what folklore is. Folklore or various stories or stories that are told orally and passed down from generation to generation in a certain region or country.
There are various types of folklore. However, all of them have similarities that overshadow them, namely anonymous, which means it is not clear who the author is, then always accompanied by themes that are influenced by local culture and the background of a particular region.
Characteristics of Saga Text
Hikayat is a narrative text that is quite different from the others. Therefore, the saga has strong characteristics that distinguish it. The characteristics of the saga, according to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 199), include the following points.
This means that in the saga, there are many things that are illogical or unreasonable, including in terms of language and stories. For example, a baby is born with a sword and arrow, and a daughter comes out of a drum, etc.
It means that the characters in the saga have supernatural powers that ordinary humans cannot do, such as: transforming into an animal, being able to destroy buildings with just the snap of a finger, etc.
It means that it is not clear who the author or narrator is because the saga is told orally and from generation to generation.
Tales are always themed and set in a kingdom.
Characteristics of Saga Text
Based on the various explanations and opinions above, it can be concluded that the characteristics of the saga can also include the following points.
- It is a reflection of the reality of local people's life (folklore).
- Since basically what the author expresses is conveyed by telling, narrating, and storytelling, the type of essay used is narrative.
- Based on the element of "story" or "fairy tale," the saga has the impression of being fictitious or fictional.
- The story is generally motivated by miracles and supernatural powers.
- The contents of the saga generally reveal the lives of big figures such as the king and his family, heroes, or someone who is powerful and has an influence on the wider community.
Saga Text Structure
In general, the structure of the saga text is still the same as the narrative text. Here are some of those structures.
It is an introduction to the setting, characters, and stories in terms of time, place, and events. Orientation also usually arranges various scenes and explains the relationships between characters.
The part where the conflict starts to emerge. Conflict is a contradiction or difficulty experienced by the main character in the saga. This section will gradually continue to grow until it finally culminates in the climax.
It is a resolution of various conflicts that occur. The resolution can also be accompanied by a coda or conclusion and the final message of the conditions experienced by the main character.
Saga Text Language Rules
In terms of language, the saga has a special characteristic, namely using classical Malay, which is characterized by the use of many connecting words and archaic words. In addition, because saga is still a narrative text, the characteristics of the same language also overshadow it, covering several points below.
- Using pronouns and people's names as a narrative point of view: I, they, he.
- The use of words that perceive the senses to describe the setting (place, time, atmosphere), examples of setting: The kingdom is very majestic, the land is fertile so that the people prosper. Gold and diamonds were scattered on the walls of the palace, and the granaries of the people were always filled.
- Using a choice of words with figurative meanings and special meanings, for example, towering, beheading.
- Many use chronological conjunctions: then, meanwhile, at the same time, suddenly, when, before.
- The use of chronological conjunctions to indicate the arrival of another character or a change in setting, both in the setting of the atmosphere, time, and place, for example, Two years later, the Prince came home with his promise. Finally, the Sultan was able to bless him as his son-in-law.
Example of Story Text
According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 141), an example of a saga text is as follows.
The Story of the Poor
This is a saga of people long ago when God showed His wealth to His servants. So a poor man's wife walks in search of his sustenance around the country in the middle of nowhere. The name of the king in that country is Maharaja Indra Dewa. His name is too big his king's kingdom. Some of the kings in the land of the Gods submitted to him and paid tribute to him every year.
Hatta, then one day his king was busy being faced by all the kings, ministers, commanders, all the people in front of him. So the poor came to the front. After being seen by many people, the poor man is a man whose cloth looks like being cuddled by a dog. So the crowd was full of laughter, and he took wood and stones. So the poor man was thrown, and his body was swollen and bleeding. So his whole body was covered with blood. So people were excited. Then the king ordered, "What is the uproar outside that?". Worship all the kings "O my lord Syah Alam, people throw the poor my lord." Then the king ordered, "Tell him to drive away!". So the people expelled the poor until they came to the edge of the forest. So the crowds returned. So it's night. So the king went into his palace. So all the kings and ministers, the heads of the people, and even then each returned to his house.
As for the poor, at night, he too sleeps in the forest. Afternoon, he went into the country looking for the risk. So when it comes close to the village of people. When the person who owns the village sees him, he then expelled with wood. So the poor ran away. He then went to the market. So when the market people saw the poor coming, each one of them came, some throwing stones, some hammering with wood. So the poor man ran helter-skelter, his body covered in blood. So he wept and cried all the way with his hunger pangs of thirst as if he was going to die. So he also met a place where people throw garbage. So it stops there. So he searched for things that were buried in the garbage that he could eat. So he found the stale ketupat that the market people threw away with a sugarcane book and ate the diamond, which was a man and his wife. After he had eaten the ketupat, then he ate the sugarcane book. So it's a little fresh for his body because he hasn't tasted rice for a long time.
It feels like dying. He wanted to ask the house of the afraid. Don't even give people something, and they can't even go close to that person's house. That's how the poor every day.
Hatta, then the day is evening. So the poor walked into the forest where he used to be. That's where he sleeps. So he swept away the blood that was on his body so that it could not come out because the blood had dried up. So the poor fell asleep in the forest. After the morning, the poor said to his wife, "O my lord, my feeling is dead. It hurts my body so much. Then there is no power anymore. It feels like this member of mine is destroyed." So he wept bitterly. So his wife's heart was too compassionate to see her husband's behavior like that. So he also wept as he took a leaf of wood and then cuddled. So she wiped her husband's entire body while he said, "Shut up, sir, don't cry."
So as for this, as for the poor, it is originally from the king of the senses. Then he was sworn in by Batara Indra, so he was like that. So her husband was also a little refreshed. After that, her husband went into the forest looking for a young ambat that he should eat. So he brought it to his wife. So that's the man's wife.
After a while, the poor man's wife was pregnant for three months. So his wife wept to eat the fruit of the fruit that was in the king's garden. So her husband was touched when he in Sensation became king. He did not want to have children. So now it's bad. Then he was about to give birth and said to his wife, "Come on, O Adinda. Sir, you want to kill your brother, apparently this. Don't you know about our past? Let alone asking for something, almost to the village people are not allowed."
When his wife heard what her husband said, she cried even more. So her husband said, "Shut up, sir, don't cry! Give your brother to go look for the master of the fruit of mempelam, if you can get the fruit of the mother of my brother, give it to the master."
So his wife was silent. So her husband also went to the market looking for the mempelam fruit. After arriving at the person selling the mempelam fruit, the poor man stopped there. He had to be asked, afraid that he would be hammered by people. So said the person who was selling fruit mempelam, "Hi poor. What is your will?"
So said the poor, "If there is mercy and pity, the fiber of your womb will the servant of the poor, I ask for the one that has been wasted. I want to ask for the rotten fruit of the lord's mempelam, only one seed, sir."
So the people of the market were too merciful to hear the poor man's words. Like his heart was broken. So someone gave mepelam fruit, someone gave rice, someone gave cloth, and someone gave fruit. So the poor man was surprised at himself because the market people were given various kinds of gifts. As for the past, let alone giving something, it is almost impossible. After that, he threw it with wood and stones. After he had thought that in his heart, then he returned to the forest to find his wife.
Then he said, "Here, sir, is the fruit of the fruit and all the fruit and food and clothing. Even then, he stepped on his wife while telling the story when he was in the market. So his wife wept, not wanting to eat unless it was the fruit of the fruit that was in the king's garden. "Let me die once."
So his husband was too annoyed to see his wife's behavior like someone who was about to die. It seems that there is no power anymore. So her husband went to the Maharaja Indera Dewa. So the king was in the presence of all the kings. So the Poor came. Then go inside once. Then the king ordered, "O poor, what do you want?" So said the poor, "There is also my lord." Then he prostrated his head and placed it on the ground, "My lord pardon, thousands of pardons, my lord. If there is, then Syah Alam will obey, the servant of this lowly person should ask for the leaves of the Syah Alam, who have fallen to the earth, perhaps my lord.
Then the king commanded, "What do you want to do with the mempelam leaf?" So worship the poor, "To be eaten, my lord." So the king ordered, "Take a sprig and give it to this poor man."
So people took it and gave it to the poor. So the poor took it while worshiping the king. Then out he walked back. After that, the king went into his palace. So all the kings and ministers of the people and even then each returned to his house. So the poor came to his place. After being seen by his wife, her husband came with a sprig of fruit. So he laughed. He greeted him and ate it.
So that is three months. So he also wept to eat the jackfruit in the king's garden too. So the poor man also went and begged the king. So he also bowed down to the king. So the king said, "What do you want, poor man?"
So said the poor, "O my lord, forgive a thousand pardons." He said, prostrating his head and placing it on the ground. He replied, also said, "This servant is a poor person. I asked for a jackfruit leaf that fell to the earth, one piece. Then the king ordered, "Hi Poor, what do you want to do with jackfruit leaves? Okay, I'll give you a piece of fruit." So it was given to the poor. So he bowed down and begged to get his wife back.
So he arrived. After being seen by his wife, her husband came, so he welcomed the jackfruit. Then his wife ate it. As long as the poor wife is pregnant, she eats a lot of food and cloth and rice, and all the utensils that people give her.
Hatta, then with this, the month will be fulfilled. So at the good time and the perfect time on the night of the fourteen lunar days. So the moon was bright. So at that time, the poor man's wife gave birth to a son who was very good in appearance and beautiful in appearance. So he named his son Markaromah which means child in trouble. So he took care of his son—so too much love for the child. No one can get a divorce at any time with his son Markaromah.
Hatta, then by the destiny of Allah SWT., he bestowed upon his servant. So the poor man dug the ground to make a place for the three children. So he dug up the ground to build the slate pillar. So they dug into a large canyon containing too much gold. So his wife came to see the gold. As she said to her husband, "As for this gold, it will reach our children and grandchildren, even if it is not spent on shopping."
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