Folk Poetry: Definition, Types, Characteristics, Language & Examples

Definition of Folk Poetry

Folk poetry is literature work in the form of poetry, rhymes, rhymes, and gurindam that have values ​​that their ancestors want to inherit (Tim Kemdikbud, 2017, p. 166). What values ​​do you want to inherit? Old literature is rich in moral values, religion, and character that our ancestors have navigated.

Meanwhile, according to Danandjaja (2007, p. 46), folk poetry is folk literature that has a predetermined form, usually consisting of several series of sentences, or in the form of a mantra (read orally), the short length of syllables, weak voice pressure, or only based on rhythm...

It can be concluded that folk poetry is old or classical poetry that has certain rules based on its place of birth which is passed down from generation to generation to maintain cultural values ​​and instill the character values ​​it contains.

Kinds of Folk Poetry

Then what are examples of folk poetry? Here are some types of folk poetry that are widely developed in the archipelago.

1. Pantun is a poem consisting of four lines with the same assonance or rhyme ab-ab and is rich in moral values, religion, and other manners.
2. Gurindam is a poem whose form consists of two stanzas, each stanza consisting of two lines with the same rhyme.
3. Poetry is a poem consisting of four lines with a matching rhyme.
4. Seloka, is a traditional Malay rhyme that contains various proverbs.
5. Mantra, are utterances that pay attention to their aesthetic elements and are believed to have magical powers.
6. Talibun is a rhyming variant that has the same assonance or rhyme abc-abc.

Characteristics of Folk Poetry

Then what are the characteristics of folk poetry? In general, the main characteristic of folk poetry is that it has the same special rules of the type created. In addition, folk poetry tends to use language that is interesting but still easy to understand and contains high moral values.

However, the characteristics themselves depend on the type of folk poetry in question in terms of form. The following are the characteristics of folk poetry by type.

Features of Gurindam

Gurindam is an old (Malay) poem which, according to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 172), has the following characteristics:

1. It consists of two lines in a stanza.
2. Each line has a word count of about 10-14 words.
3. Each line has the same rhyme or rhymes with AA, BB, CC, and so on.
4. It is a unified whole.
5. The first line contains questions, problems, or agreements.
6. The second line contains the answer, the result of the problem, or the agreement in the first line. (the content or intent of the gurindam is in the second line).
7. The contents of the gurindam are usually in the form of advice, philosophy of life, or aphorisms.

Characteristics of Pantun

Pantun is folk poetry that entertains viewers by playing the sound of language, insinuating (reprimanding that something is not good) indirectly, or giving advice directly and has the following characteristics.

1. Each stanza consists of four lines (Arik).
2. Each line consists of 8 to 12 syllables.
3. The rhyme at the end of each line is abab.
4. The first and second rows are sampiran.
5. Meanwhile, the third and fourth lines are the contents (Kemdikbud Team, 2017, p. 172).

Characteristics of Poetry

Syair is an old poem from Persia which was brought to the archipelago in line with the entry of Islam here. The characteristics of the poem based on the opinion of the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 173) are as follows.

1. Each stanza consists of four lines.
2. Each line consists of 8-14 syllables.
3. Rhyme aaaa.
4. All lines are the body.
5. The language used is usually figurative.

Studying the Structure and Language of Folk Poetry

Of course, understanding the meaning, characteristics, and types alone is not enough to appreciate the noble value of folk poetry. It would be a shame to appreciate it as a whole if we did not inherit the noble values ​​and create folk poetry.

To be able to create folk poetry, we must understand the structure and language of folk poetry itself. Because the types themselves are very many, we must understand the constituent parts fundamentally through the structure and rules of the language.

Folk Poetry Structure

Like its characteristics, the structure of folk poetry also depends on the type and even depends on the work. The following are some examples of folk poetry based on their types and equipped with linguistic structures and rules.

Examples of Poems

According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 180), the following are examples of rhymes.

 

Take cotton into the thread.

Take the thread into cloth.

If you want to be remembered

Be kind to others

Poetry Structure

1. Sampiran array consists of two arrays which are openings that have the same ab sound and are not related to the content.
2. Contents array are two lines that contain proverbs or advice from rhymes that have the same ab sound.

Rules of Poetry Language

1. Use imperative sentences.
2. Sampiran array is a sentence that can stand alone.
3. Have a suggestion sentence with a conditional relationship pattern (if).
4. Two content arrays are one compound sentence (cannot stand alone).

Example of Gruindam

According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 180), examples of gurindam folk poetry are as follows.

 

When good behavior

Life is beautiful, you won't lose.

 

With parents never fight.

If you don't want to live, it's a mess.

 

Take care of your heart, take care of your mouth

So that you don't live in regret

 

Love your parents with all your heart

That's the way to show devotion

 

Don't procrastinate learning

Because you won't come back young

If you keep procrastinating

Missed a valuable opportunity

 

Let bygones be bygones

The future you keep on racing

 

Save our nature

before nature gets angry

 

Learn for the future

To achieve all expectations

 

When the eyes are awake

Quench all thirst

 

When the mouth is tightly closed

Get rid of all forms of immorality

 

If the hands are not tightly tied

Lose all common sense

 

If you want to reach your goals

Work more than average

 

If you want to live happily

Don't ever do anything in vain

 

Whoever does not fear God

His life won't last

 

When envy has entered the heart

Will never disappear until later

 

When life always does well

Signs that she is beautiful

 

Gurindam structure

Gurindam presentation structure consists of two arrays which are arrays of related contents. The first array is a requirement to get the second array which is the content. So it can be concluded that the structure of the gurindam is as follows.

1. Array of Conditions
2. Contents Array

Gurindam language

1. Using sentences with conditional relationship patterns.
2. Contains advice conveyed by the terms and impact to be given.
3. Each pair of arrays is a compound sentence.

Examples of Folk Poetry Poetry

According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 182) examples of folk poetry are as follows.

 

Keep your boat strong

Produce supplies of water and wood

Paddle paddles put there

So that the speed of your boat

 

O young, know yourself

It's the image of your life boat

It doesn't matter how long your life is

To the afterlife your life will be eternal

 

Hi young wise man

Generate steering with guide

Your boat tool is also working

That's the way to fix humans

Poetry Structure

The structure of the presentation of poetry is one stanza consisting of 4 lines. The rhyme pattern used in each line is the same, namely aaaa. The four lines of poetry are content and are related to other verses.

Rules of Poetry Language

1. Using sentences to say hello (exclamations: Hi, O, etc.).
2. Command sentence against the advised (reader).
3. Using causal sentences that will be encountered if you do what was ordered in the previous array.
4. The choice of words used are symbolic words and old expressions.
5. The choice of words is very beautiful with deep meaning.

Continue reading Folk Poetry: Definition, Types, Characteristics, Language & Examples

Examples of Inspirational Story Texts and Their Structures (Various Themes)

Example inspirational story text in this article is the author's original writing, so the author and the website address can be listed as the source. The text is equipped with a description of the structure in each example (in the form of subtitles) and follows the linguistic rules of the inspiring story text.

The themes covered include bottles (as an example of doing assignments), Mothers, and life in general.

Example of Mother's Inspirational Story Text

Flowers for Mom

Orientation

Pak Tono's flower stall is being flooded with orders. He was busy moving hundreds of bouquets onto his cabbage car. During his busy life, a young woman suddenly approached him and said

"Excuse me, sir, how much is the price for a small bouquet of flowers?"

Mr. Tono ignored him for a while, then answered, "fifty thousand, sis," he replied.

"Excuse me, sir, is there only thirty thousand?" replied the woman.

This time Pak Tono looked at the woman's face and realized that it seemed that the woman was only in her teens and maybe she had just entered junior high school. It's just that his height had fooled Mr. Tono. The flower seller then asked back.

"Who are the flowers for? The interest can be taken with only thirty thousand, "he replied with a smile.

"Thank you, sir, for my mother."

Complexity of events

"Ade here on foot? Where did he return?"

"Towards Sukamulya, sir," replied the girl.

"I also happened to be heading that way. If you want, you can take it along." At first, the woman looked doubtful but finally accepted Pak Tono's offer.

Pak Tono then left with the young woman who bought the bouquet of flowers.

"Ade will tell you where to stop, okay?" "Yes, sir, it will be here soon."

Before long, Pak Tono saw a crowd near the gate of the public cemetery.

"Inalillah, it looks like someone is being buried," said Mr. Tono while slowing down his vehicle.

Complications

The woman ignored it and instead asked Pak Tono to stop the car. "I got off in front of the pack." Pak Tono then stopped his car right in front of the gate of the public cemetery, which he had seen from a distance. The woman then went downstairs and thanked Mr. Tono with a smile that covered her tears. Pak Tono was silent for a moment as he watched the woman enter the cemetery gate.

Resolution

Then he turned the car around and hit the gas as hard as he could. He no longer cares about the flower orders he has to deliver. His thoughts were only on his parents' house, which was quite far from the city.

coda

It has been more than two years that Pak Tono has not had time to come home to visit his mother. Seeing this incident, he realized how lucky he was that his mother was still given health to be able to set foot in this world. In fact, the woman looked very young and most likely, her mother died at a much younger age than Pak Tono's parents. Sometimes what we have is only felt when its bitter reflection stands in front of us.

Bottle Inspirational Story Text Example

Cempaka Family Bottle

Orientation

The magnificent house of the Cempaka family is in mourning. The head of their family just passed away last week following his empress, who had left first. His four children were gathered at the house to wait for his father's reading of the will.

Event Complexity

It wasn't long before the family lawyer arrived. He is the person in charge who will read the will of the sandalwood family. The lawyer opened the will without further ado, which was still sealed in the envelope. However, when he saw her, his eyes wrinkled. He was stunned and seemed surprised to read it. The first child from the Cempaka family then asked.

"what's the matter, sir? Why do you look so surprised?" he asked.

Complications

The will keeper finally began to speak.

"I'm sorry, but it seems the contents of this will be quite surprising," with a sigh, he immediately read the letter.

"I handed over all my assets to my company's social foundation, namely the Cempaka Foundation, to then be used properly in maintaining the foundation with its mission to maximize social assistance in all sectors of life,"

"Meanwhile, for my four children, I leave each one a bottle filled with mineral water to be maximized as a provision for life for all of you."

All fell into silence.

Resolution

The reader of the will then opened the briefcase, which, of course, contained a glass bottle filled with clear water. The first child of the Cempaka family then took one of the bottles and immediately opened it.

"This is ordinary mineral water" while removing the contents.

After a while, he left the house with an angry face. He then threw the bottle into a sewer near his house. However, the other children then looked at the three remaining bottles. They discussed what the legacy meant.

In fact, a few years later, the second child of the Cempaka family has successfully launched a bottled fruit juice product which is valued at ten thousand but has been sold in almost all stalls, supermarkets, and markets in Indonesia.

Meanwhile, the third child has collaborated with the Nusantara Honey Cooperative to sell bottled honey which is sold for one hundred thousand rupiahs.

Then, the youngest of the Cempaka family has discovered a new plant that has a distinctive fragrance that cannot be found anywhere and has been awarded a permanent contract to work with a well-known perfume company. No need to question the price, millions of rupiah for one bottle.

coda

Apparently, that's the intention of the legacy of the number one person in the Cempaka family. The same bottle is worth depending on its contents. Bottles are like humans who are basically the same. However, they have different hearts and points of view. His goodness is not seen from the physical, but rather from the contents of his heart, including faith, honesty, nobility, kindness with other humans.

Examples of Life Inspirational Story Texts

Woodcutter

Orientation

Once, a very strong young man asked a wood merchant for a job, and he got it. The wages offered are in accordance with his wishes, the location of his work is close to his home. Therefore, the young man was determined to work earnestly.

Finally, the merchant gave him an ax and showed him the area where it was cut.

On the first day, the woodcutter brought 21 trees.

"Wow, it's great that you are very strong. You can bring home this much wood in one day," said the wood merchant, who is his current boss.

Event Complexity

Motivated by those words, the young man cut wood with even greater effort the next day. However, that day he could only bring 17 trees. On the third day, he tried even harder, but he could only bring 10 trees. Day by day, the tree is getting less and less.

Complications

"I must have lost my strength," thought the woodcutter. He turned to the wood merchant and apologized, saying he didn't understand what was happening.

Resolution

"When was the last time you sharpened the ax you used?" asked the boss. "Sharpen? I don't have time to sharpen my axe. I am very busy trying to cut down a tree. "

coda

Sometimes working hard is not enough to achieve success. We also have to work smart! The young man had great potential for chopping wood. Unfortunately, he doesn't have the right attitude to succeed in this particular task. Through hard work and a smart attitude, nothing is impossible in this life.

Continue reading Examples of Inspirational Story Texts and Their Structures (Various Themes)

Inspirational story text: understanding, structure, characteristics & examples

Understanding of inspiring story text

The text of the inspirational story is a story that arouses the reader to get better through the inspirational experience of the story that was delivered. Both here mean readers can get moral or social learning and are able to instill new wisdom in living life.

The above statement is in line with the opinion of the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 148), which states that inspirational stories are a form of narratives aimed at inspiring good in many people.

As the name suggests, that contain 'stories' or 'stories' actually this text is also a derivative or may be said to still enter the genre narrative text(text that tells something). Therefore, its structure is actually almost similar to a narrative text. However, there is some special emphasis given to it.

For example, some parts that are usually not found in other types of narrative texts, such as fantasy story texts, are here. For example, conflicts are called the performance of events here. Actually, the point is that the incident is still in conflict too.

However, inspirational stories need it as perceptivity of events so that we can withdraw the resolution or resolution and explain further inspirational mandates delivered.

Inspirational understanding

Inspiration is the main keyword of this text. So, knowing the meaning of Inspiration itself is a must in learning. According to the Kemdikbud team (2017, p. 148), Inspiration is a spark of creative ideas (Inspiration) due to the learning process results and care for our surroundings.

Inspiring story structure

According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 152), The inspirational story structure is as follows.

1. Orientation, which is an introduction to the story.
2. The complexity of events can contain stories of characters and events to the top of the story or conflict of the story.
3. Complications: It is usually the culmination of the conflict or the core of the story. This part is also the place where the main events are inspiring.
4. The resolution, Contains the resolution of the conflict containing events that awaken characters about the good they should live.
5. Koda, namely the closing of the story, can contain conclusions and explanations of the moral message contained in the story.

Inspirational story characteristics

1. Inspirational stories are a form of narrative that aims to inspire goodness in many people.
2. A good inspirational story can stir feelings to give a deep impression even at a higher level capable of making a personal promise himself to be like the one he reads.
3. Inspirational stories are text that inspires someone to do better, care more, and be more empathetic to others.

Inspirational Story Language Rules

The grammatical characteristics commonly found in inspirational stories are still the same as narrative texts in general, namely:

1. Use sentences that mean past;
2. Use a lot of words that state the order of time or commonly referred to as chronological conjunctions;
3. A lot of work words that describe an action;
4. Use verbs that show indirect sentences as a way to tell a speech a figure presented by the author;
5. Use a lot of verbs that express something the character thinks or feels (mental verbs);
6. Most writers play a direct role as the first person and are involved in the story concerned, so that they will use a lot of the first word to deliver the story, such as me, me and us;
7. On the other hand, the writer could only be in the third person, thus acting as an observer. Therefore, the text will contain a lot of third-person pronouns such as he and they.

How to Compose an Inspirational Story

Then how do you compile inspirational stories? According to the Kemdikbud team (2017, p. 155), the story can arouse feelings and provide Inspiration to the reader if you have the following elements:

1. Bring the "aha" moment to the reader;
2. Jerking direct hearts and mind readers/listeners to keep enthusiasm, getting better, doing more sincere in life;
3. The story is easy to understand even though it is meaningful.

In addition, there is a story or the story you want to deliver, one of the keys to compiling inspiring stories. Inspirational stories can come from real experiences that we have experienced. It can also raise the story of motivation about other people who have influenced us positively, for example, attentive teachers.

Inspirational stories can also be appointed loving animals or the results of our own imagination. There is a lot of material that can be a source of inspirational story ideas. Just write the story as we talk every day with a simple language.

No need for stylish words or to use all complex grammar rules. Simple, convey messages and emotions you want to deliver as we see and feel. This will make a natural inspirational story with our distinctive style and seem more familiar to the reader.

Tips for Composing Inspirational Stories

Writing inspirational stories requires stories in the right and directed portion so that they can arouse Inspiration for readers or listeners. One of the exact portions of the portion is to keep it humble and polite. Here are some tips on compiling good inspirational stories.

1. If the Inspiration that wants to be appointed is an achievement, make sure the narrative does not boast it, but more shows the experience of achieving it.
2. An achievement will be a motivation and Inspiration only if we share the process and how to achieve it, not only mention the result.
3. When lifting a sad story, make sure we stay in managing positions to tell it. The tragedy is still a person who hurts someone, don't abuse it. Stay objective by giving it as an inspiration, not so that people become iba.
4. Explaining the message implied in an inspirational story can be said to be a must, but don't do it condescendingly. It's better to pack in the suggestion that is a reader's consideration.

Example of a short inspirational story text (and its structure)

According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 153), examples of inspirational stories are as follows.

Nail and anger

Orientation

In the past, there was a boy. He is smart, talented and handsome. Unfortunately, he is very selfistic and irritable, and no one wants to be his friend. Often he gets angry and spits hurtful words to those around him.

Event Complexity

The child's parents were very worried about the temperament of his child. They think about what they have to do. One day his father got an idea. He called on his child and gave his son a hammer and a bag of nails. The father said, "Whenever you feel angry, take a nail and stick it into the old fence in front of our house as hard as you can.

Complications

The wooden fence turned out to be very hard. The hammer used is quite heavy. Because the boy was so violent, on the first day alone, he had driven 37 nails.

Day after day, week after week, the number of nails being driven was getting less and less. After some time, the child understands that holding back anger is easier than driving nails into the fence.

One day the boy no longer needed a hammer and nails. He had learned to hold his anger well. Then he came to his father and told him about his success in controlling his anger. "Now, every time, if you can hold your anger for a day, pull out the nails that have been stuck in the fence."

Resolution

Some time passed. Finally, the child was proud after all the nails pulled out were all gone. When he came to his father and told him everything, he offered to tidy up and maintain the fence. "You've done it, son, but take a look at the hole in the nail. The fence will not be like before, and it is deformed.

coda

The same thing happens when you hurt people with your words. Words leave scars on hearts like nail holes in fences. Remember, we must treat everyone with love and respect because even though we have apologized and been forgiven, the wound in the heart will never go away.

Examples of other inspirational story texts can be seen in the article below:

Examples of Inspirational Story Texts andTheir Structures (Various Themes)

Continue reading Inspirational story text: understanding, structure, characteristics & examples

Debate Text: Definition, Structure, Motion, Rules, Elements, & Examples

Definition of Debate Text

A debate text is a presentation of the opinions of two parties who share various reasons and arguments in different points of view or opinions (pro-cons) to defend their respective views. As stated by Iman (2017, p. 94), the debate is the process of presenting ideas or opinions of two opposing parties who try to defend their ideas or opinions (Iman, 2017: 94).

Debate text is a genre derived from exposition text. Why is the debate classified as an exposition text? Because the main thing discussed is still an argument or opinion. The difference is that there are two conflicting opinions in the debate text, namely the affirmative opinion (agree) and the opposition (disagree).

Difference between Discussion and Debate

Then how is it different from a discussion in the form of two opinions juxtaposed in one text? The discussion compares several opinions that may be contradictory or slightly different. Then, the discussion text will conclude the middle way that can be taken so that the opinion becomes more valuable and effective in application.

Meanwhile, the debate pits two opinions to achieve victory for one side. It may sound too competitive and not as positive and constructive as a discussion. However, sometimes things have to be decided through just one idea to be carried out more effectively.

Discussion can still be applied after the debate. In the end, the various opinions of both the losing Team in the debate can still be integrated into the "winning" opinion.

Debate is also a healthy way to question each other's opinions. As stated by Handayani (2017, p. 139), debate allows students to present their understanding of a topic, question the opinions of others, argue with others, argue and clarify arguments, and evaluate others.

Debate Text Structure

Two structures can be noticed in the debate text. First, the text is notes or writings from the debate itself. In this case, of course, the debate text will have an exposition text structure. However, as a debated text in the form of implementation, here is the structure:

1.      Orientation

It is an introduction and disclosure of the topic to be debated (motion).

2.      Affirmation opinion

Affirmative parties will present their arguments first with supporting reasons; why support the motion states.

3.      Opposition opinion

The opposition will present a rebuttal argument against the affirmative party's statement accompanied by reasons.

4.      Neutral opinion

In the form of a mediating opinion between the pro and contra who do not have a tendency to argue with either party.

5.      Final decision (Conclusion)

It is a conclusion and assessment based on the strengths and weaknesses of the affirmative, oppositional, and neutral parties.

In addition, the implementation of the debate also has a special structure that is usually followed so that it is carried out more orderly and in accordance with the objectives. There are various debate structures based on the geographical location of the implementation, including British, American, Australian, and Asian debate structures. One example of a debate structure commonly used here (Asia).

1. The moderator opened the debate and invited the first speaker of the pro group to present an argument.
2. Then, in turn, the first speaker of the opposition group is invited to present an argument.
3. The moderator invited the second speaker from the pro group to present an argument.
4. Furthermore, speakers of the two opposition groups are also welcome to present their arguments.
5. The moderator invited the third speaker from the pro group to present an argument.
6. Next, the speakers of the three opposition groups presented their arguments.
7. The moderator invites the opposition group to deliver a reply speech made by the first speaker or the second speaker.
8. Followed by the pro group delivered a counter speech with the same provisions.
9. The debate ended, and the moderator closed the debate.

Elements of Debate Text

If it is necessary to mention the elements in the text of the debate, then based on the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 206), the elements of the debate are as follows.

1.      Motion

It is a matter that is debated and can be known from the title or opinion submitted by the debating parties.

2.      Affirmation team

Is the party that agrees to the motion or issue being debated.

3.      Opposition team

Is the party that opposes or disagrees with the disputed issue (motion).

4.      Neutral Team

Is the audience or judges who are invited to the debate.

5.      Moderator

The party regulates the debate starting from the time limit given for both parties to express their opinions and ensures that questions and opinions remain on topic or motion (not out of line).

6.      Author (Minutes)

The note taker is the writer of the debate whose job is to record everything that happens in the debate, including debate motions, moderator statements, each party's arguments to the final decision.

Language Rules of Debate Text

According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2019, p. 198), the variety of language used in the debate is scientific linguistic rules that must meet the following characteristics.

1. In accordance with standard language rules, both spelling and grammatical rules (formation of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs).
2. The ideas expressed must be true according to the facts and acceptable to common sense (logical), precise, and have only one meaning, solid, direct to the target, coherent and systematic and presented as effective sentences.
3. The word chosen has the actual meaning (denotative).

In addition, because the debate is one of the derivatives of the exposition text, some of the linguistic rules of the exposition text also apply, including:

1. Using terminology of technical words related to the topic of discussion.
2. Many use words (conjunctions) that show an argumentative relationship or causality. For example, cause, because, if, thus, therefore, consequently.
3. Using mental verbs (mental verbs), such as: concerning, expected, estimating, surmising, assuming, concluding, opinionating, and admiring.
4. Rich in reference words such as: according to opinion, based on data, referring to opinion.
5. Using persuasive words, such as: expected, should, should need, should. In addition (Kemdikbud, 2017, p.81).

Debate Text Type

It should be noted first that the debates studied in this lesson are scientific debates, which use valid arguments based on data and science. Not the coachman debate that, unfortunately, we often find in everyday life or TV shows.

The coachman debate has no clear purpose and substance. Its nature will only try to defeat the opinion of the other party regardless of the validity of the argument. His opinion is only a personal opinion and plays logic that is not necessarily true as a weapon.

Debates can be classified into two broad categories: applied debates and academic debates. Applied debates are carried out on propositions, questions, and topics specifically determined by the jury and delivered before or during the debate.

Academic debates are conducted based on propositions in which the jury has an academic interest. Debates are usually presented before a teacher or audience without direct power to decide about the proposition (Freeley & David, 2009: 19).

In addition, debate can also be divided into three categories (Tarigan, 2008, pp. 95-100) when viewed from the form, purpose, and method, namely:

1.      Assembly Debate or Parliamentary Debate

It aims to provide and increase support for the enactment of the law. In this debate, all members who wish to express their views or arguments, both for and against, are given the opportunity based on the permission of the assembly.

2.      The debate of Re-examination (Evaluation) to Know the Truth of the Previous Examination

It was started by the affirmative party, who delivered the official speech and was then scrutinized for seven minutes by the first opposition speaker. The affirmative party was then given four minutes to clarify the evidence and arguments. Next, the second opposition speaker expressed a contra opinion and then re-examined by the second affirmation party and so on.

3.      Formal, Conventional, or Educational Debate

This debate allows the affirmation team and the opposition team to present their arguments to the listeners in the same time frame. Each speaker describes a sub-topic related to the Team's argument with evidence.

Debate Text Example

An example of a complete debate text is in the form of a moderator text and a series of debate implementations and their elements. According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 179), the following is an example of a debated text.

Absorption of Foreign Language Vocabulary Evidence of Indonesian Language Inability in Interaction with Other Languages

Debate Moderator Text

Good afternoon; this afternoon, we will take part in a debate between the Affirmation Team from SMA Pembangunan Jaya, the Opposition Team from SMK Nusantara, and the Neutral Team from MA Al-Ikhlas.

This morning the two teams will debate about "The Absorption of Foreign Language Vocabulary Evidence of Indonesian Inability to Interact with Other Languages."

Before carrying out the debate, I will read the rules for the debate as follows.

1. These Rules apply to each participant during the match round.
2. Participants wear full uniforms during the debate activities.
3. The motion is announced thirty minutes (30 minutes) before the debate takes place to prepare arguments.
4. During the thirty minutes (30 minutes) of preparation time, participants are not allowed to access the internet or use electronic devices and are only allowed to use printed materials such as books, newspapers, magazines, journals, personal notes, etc.
5. Participants are not allowed to bring printed materials during the match. Participants are only allowed to bring personal notes during the match.
6. Each participant is prohibited from bringing and/or using cigarettes, narcotics, liquor, sharp weapons or firearms during the Debate Contest.
7. Each participant is prohibited from communicating with the teacher or the audience during the match.
8. Each participant is prohibited from using electronic devices such as laptops, mobile phones, cameras during the match.
9. Each participant is prohibited from personally attacking other participants during the debate.
10. Each participant is prohibited from using abusive language, indecent and/or offensive to SARA.

Next, I gave the spokesperson for each Team an opportunity to introduce themselves.

Affirmation Team: (introduce self)

Opposition Team : (introduce self)

Neutral Team: (introduce self)

Motion (Read by Moderator)

Today Indonesian continues to grow and is recognized as an international language. However, in its development, it is proven that the Indonesian language absorbs a lot of foreign vocabulary. To develop, Indonesian is highly dependent on foreign languages. There are those who think that foreign language vocabulary is included in the use of Indonesian because of the powerlessness of Indonesian in the interaction between languages.

This assumption is what we will discuss in this debate. I invite the Affirmation Team, the Opposition Team, and the Neutral Team to share their opinions for the first round.

Affirmation Team:

I agree that foreign language vocabulary is included in the use of Indonesian because of the powerlessness of Indonesian in the interaction between languages. Indonesian cannot be separated from other languages, both regional and foreign languages. The role of foreign languages ​​in Indonesian proves that there is a contact or relationship between languages ​​so that foreign languages ​​are absorbed into Indonesian. Indonesian relies on foreign vocabulary, which is then standardized into Indonesian. This proves that Indonesian is dependent on foreign languages and proof that Indonesian is difficult to communicate without the help of foreign vocabulary.

With the inclusion of foreign language vocabularies into Indonesian, more and more people are able to communicate well so that the knowledge transfer process runs quickly. Evidence that Indonesian is powerless to interact between languages ​​can be seen in the use of the word vitamin, which is absorbed from foreign language vocabulary, which, if explained in Indonesian, is not necessarily understood by language actors. However, the absorption of vocabulary from a foreign language makes it easier for us to pronounce understand, as well as makes the interaction between languages ​​easier. Without the help of foreign languages ​​that enter Indonesian, Indonesian has not been able to show its existence in inter-language interactions.

Many vocabularies are taken from foreign languages, so the role of Indonesian is still in doubt. Many people are more familiar with borrowed vocabulary from foreign languages ​​than Indonesian. Therefore, I still agree that foreign language vocabulary entered into Indonesian proves the powerlessness of Indonesian in the interaction between languages.

Opposition Team:

I don't agree that foreign language vocabulary included in Indonesian use occurs because of the powerlessness of the Indonesian language in inter-language interactions. Foreign language vocabulary into Indonesian is only used as synonyms that are easier to understand for some people. However, in essence, in Indonesian itself, there are already vocabularies related to these foreign vocabularies. For example, we hear the word snack more often in the community. In Indonesian, snack means light food. Thus, the entry of foreign vocabulary is only a variation of words for some people.

Indonesian is able to interact between languages ​​because it has many variations of the vocabulary. Foreign language vocabulary is only used and understood by certain circles. However, Indonesian is understood and used in almost all circles. That means, even though many foreign language vocabularies are entered into Indonesian, the existence of Indonesian is higher than foreign language vocabularies that have been standardized or have not been standardized into Indonesian.

Indonesian is able to interact with other languages ​​without the help of foreign language vocabulary, and the entry of foreign language vocabulary is not caused by the powerlessness of Indonesian in the interaction between languages. However, this happens because people want to feel highly educated and honored when using foreign language vocabulary. Thus, I still don't agree if the foreign language vocabulary that is included in the use of a foreign language shows the powerlessness of the Indonesian language in the interaction between languages.

Neutral Team

As a neutral party, I believe that Indonesian's ability in inter-language interactions can be realized if the portion of the use of Indonesian is balanced with the vocabulary of foreign languages. Suppose someone uses a foreign language that has been standardized, such as the words atom, vitamin, unit. Of course, this is not a problem because foreign languages ​​have become equivalents to Indonesian. However, if Indonesian users use a foreign language that has not been standardized, this becomes a threat to our beloved language. The use of foreign vocabulary in Indonesian is not always identified with a negative impact because there are positive things. Namely, it can facilitate communication activities,

However, it is hoped that Indonesian equivalents will be intensive socialization so that vocabulary identity in Indonesian is not eroded by vocabulary from foreign languages. In the future, it is hoped that there will be no more discourse that foreign language vocabulary is more familiar to Indonesian language users than the Indonesian language itself.

 

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