Definition of Folk Poetry
Folk poetry is literature work in the form of poetry, rhymes, rhymes, and gurindam that have values that their ancestors want to inherit (Tim Kemdikbud, 2017, p. 166). What values do you want to inherit? Old literature is rich in moral values, religion, and character that our ancestors have navigated.
Meanwhile, according to Danandjaja (2007, p. 46), folk poetry is folk literature that has a predetermined form, usually consisting of several series of sentences, or in the form of a mantra (read orally), the short length of syllables, weak voice pressure, or only based on rhythm...
It can be concluded that folk poetry is old or classical poetry that has certain rules based on its place of birth which is passed down from generation to generation to maintain cultural values and instill the character values it contains.
Kinds of Folk Poetry
Then what are examples of folk poetry? Here are some types of folk poetry that are widely developed in the archipelago.
- Pantun is a poem consisting of four lines with the same assonance or rhyme ab-ab and is rich in moral values, religion, and other manners.
- Gurindam is a poem whose form consists of two stanzas, each stanza consisting of two lines with the same rhyme.
- Poetry is a poem consisting of four lines with a matching rhyme.
- Seloka, is a traditional Malay rhyme that contains various proverbs.
- Mantra, are utterances that pay attention to their aesthetic elements and are believed to have magical powers.
- Talibun is a rhyming variant that has the same assonance or rhyme abc-abc.
Characteristics of Folk Poetry
Then what are the characteristics of folk poetry? In general, the main characteristic of folk poetry is that it has the same special rules of the type created. In addition, folk poetry tends to use language that is interesting but still easy to understand and contains high moral values.
However, the characteristics themselves depend on the type of folk poetry in question in terms of form. The following are the characteristics of folk poetry by type.
Features of Gurindam
Gurindam is an old (Malay) poem which, according to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 172), has the following characteristics:
- It consists of two lines in a stanza.
- Each line has a word count of about 10-14 words.
- Each line has the same rhyme or rhymes with AA, BB, CC, and so on.
- It is a unified whole.
- The first line contains questions, problems, or agreements.
- The second line contains the answer, the result of the problem, or the agreement in the first line. (the content or intent of the gurindam is in the second line).
- The contents of the gurindam are usually in the form of advice, philosophy of life, or aphorisms.
Characteristics of Pantun
Pantun is folk poetry that entertains viewers by playing the sound of language, insinuating (reprimanding that something is not good) indirectly, or giving advice directly and has the following characteristics.
- Each stanza consists of four lines (Arik).
- Each line consists of 8 to 12 syllables.
- The rhyme at the end of each line is abab.
- The first and second rows are sampiran.
- Meanwhile, the third and fourth lines are the contents (Kemdikbud Team, 2017, p. 172).
Characteristics of Poetry
Syair is an old poem from Persia which was brought to the archipelago in line with the entry of Islam here. The characteristics of the poem based on the opinion of the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 173) are as follows.
- Each stanza consists of four lines.
- Each line consists of 8-14 syllables.
- Rhyme aaaa.
- All lines are the body.
- The language used is usually figurative.
Studying the Structure and Language of Folk Poetry
Of course, understanding the meaning, characteristics, and types alone is not enough to appreciate the noble value of folk poetry. It would be a shame to appreciate it as a whole if we did not inherit the noble values and create folk poetry.
To be able to create folk poetry, we must understand the structure and language of folk poetry itself. Because the types themselves are very many, we must understand the constituent parts fundamentally through the structure and rules of the language.
Folk Poetry Structure
Like its characteristics, the structure of folk poetry also depends on the type and even depends on the work. The following are some examples of folk poetry based on their types and equipped with linguistic structures and rules.
Examples of Poems
According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 180), the following are examples of rhymes.
Take cotton into the thread.
Take the thread into cloth.
If you want to be remembered
Be kind to others
Poetry Structure
- Sampiran array consists of two arrays which are openings that have the same ab sound and are not related to the content.
- Contents array are two lines that contain proverbs or advice from rhymes that have the same ab sound.
Rules of Poetry Language
- Use imperative sentences.
- Sampiran array is a sentence that can stand alone.
- Have a suggestion sentence with a conditional relationship pattern (if).
- Two content arrays are one compound sentence (cannot stand alone).
Example of Gruindam
According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 180), examples of gurindam folk poetry are as follows.
When good behavior
Life is beautiful, you won't lose.
With parents never fight.
If you don't want to live, it's a mess.
Take care of your heart, take care of your mouth
So that you don't live in regret
Love your parents with all your heart
That's the way to show devotion
Don't procrastinate learning
Because you won't come back young
If you keep procrastinating
Missed a valuable opportunity
Let bygones be bygones
The future you keep on racing
Save our nature
before nature gets angry
Learn for the future
To achieve all expectations
When the eyes are awake
Quench all thirst
When the mouth is tightly closed
Get rid of all forms of immorality
If the hands are not tightly tied
Lose all common sense
If you want to reach your goals
Work more than average
If you want to live happily
Don't ever do anything in vain
Whoever does not fear God
His life won't last
When envy has entered the heart
Will never disappear until later
When life always does well
Signs that she is beautiful
Gurindam structure
Gurindam presentation structure consists of two arrays which are arrays of related contents. The first array is a requirement to get the second array which is the content. So it can be concluded that the structure of the gurindam is as follows.
- Array of Conditions
- Contents Array
Gurindam language
- Using sentences with conditional relationship patterns.
- Contains advice conveyed by the terms and impact to be given.
- Each pair of arrays is a compound sentence.
Examples of Folk Poetry Poetry
According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 182) examples of folk poetry are as follows.
Keep your boat strong
Produce supplies of water and wood
Paddle paddles put there
So that the speed of your boat
O young, know yourself
It's the image of your life boat
It doesn't matter how long your life is
To the afterlife your life will be eternal
Hi young wise man
Generate steering with guide
Your boat tool is also working
That's the way to fix humans
Poetry Structure
The structure of the presentation of poetry is one stanza consisting of 4 lines. The rhyme pattern used in each line is the same, namely aaaa. The four lines of poetry are content and are related to other verses.
Rules of Poetry Language
- Using sentences to say hello (exclamations: Hi, O, etc.).
- Command sentence against the advised (reader).
- Using causal sentences that will be encountered if you do what was ordered in the previous array.
- The choice of words used are symbolic words and old expressions.
- The choice of words is very beautiful with deep meaning.
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