Persuasive Text: Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Types, Rules & Steps

Understanding Persuasive Text

Persuasive text is a text variant that contains an invitation or persuasion to encourage someone to follow the hopes and desires conveyed in the text through opinions that are strengthened by arguments (as in exposition text).

Yes, this text uses opinions accompanied by solid reasons. The Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 184) expressed that persuasive texts express opinions accompanied by logical reasons, just like argumentative texts.

Meanwhile, still in line with the opinion above, Waluyo (2018, p. 193) argues that persuasion text is a variety of texts containing opinions on an actual problem accompanied by arguments and data to support opinions to direct readers to follow what is conveyed. In the text.

The definition of persuasion text above is also reinforced by the opinion of Mulyadi et al. (2016, p. 23), which says that a persuasive text is a text that contains persuasion to invite someone to follow the hopes and desires of the author.

Persuasive Text Structure

The structure of a persuasive text is the various elements or parts that build a persuasive text. The Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 186) explained that the structure of a persuasive text consists of:

1. Issue introduction, namely the general introduction or delivery of the problem that is the basis of the text.
2. Series of arguments, namely several opinions or arguments related to issues that have been introduced previously. This section is also usually reinforced by disclosing facts to support the opinions or arguments presented.
3. Invitations are the essence of the text that encourages the reader or listener to do something either implicitly or explicitly.
4. Reaffirmation, namely reaffirming the essence of the statements, facts, and invitations that have been previously presented through conclusions and summaries to ensure that the persuasion has been conveyed and can be remembered and then influence the reader or listener to actually follow it.

Meanwhile, with a similar but quite different opinion, Mulyadi (2016, p. 223), more concisely and concisely, argues that the structure of persuasion text consists of:

1.      Issue introduction

Submission of the basis of the problem of writing or speaking.

2.      Series of arguments

It contains several opinions or arguments regarding the issues raised and reinforced by the facts section to support them.

3.      Invitation statement

It is a part that contains encouragement to the reader or listener to follow the opinion of the text.

4.      Reaffirmation

Reassure the reader against the statements of opinion and invitations that have been submitted previously

Persuasive Text Type

Based on the genre or type of text that uses persuasion, persuasive text can be divided into as simple as:

1. propaganda persuasion, which tries to lead readers/listeners to certain opinions.
2. Political persuasion, trying to invite readers/listeners to vote for a party or candidate for the leader in political campaign activities.
3. Advertising persuasion is a text that tries to persuade the reader/audience to buy the goods or services offered.
4. Educational persuasion is persuasive texts that try to make the readers follow or want to learn and behave following the education given.

Meanwhile, if it is differentiated based on the technique or method of persuasion, Keraf (12011, p. 124) suggests that the methods used in persuasion include the following points.

1. rationalization persuasion, namely proof of truth in a rather weak form, and based on a justification basis for a matter only, where the basis or reason is not the direct cause of the problem;
2. Identification persuasion, persuasion that tries to attend a conflict situation so that the writer or speaker analyzes the audience/reader and the whole situation they face carefully to make persuasive ideas.
3. Suggestion persuasion means persuading or influencing others to accept a certain belief or position without giving a logical basis for belief in the person who wants to be influenced.
4. Conformity persuasion, namely, is carried out through mental mechanisms to adjust or conform to something he wants.
5. Compensation persuasion is an action or a result of an effort to find a substitute for something unacceptable or an attitude or situation that cannot be noticed. The reader or listener feels "satisfied" by the compensation given.
6. Replacement persuasion (displacement) replaces an intention or thing experiencing obstacles with an intention or other thing that can replace it.
7. Projection persuasion is a technique to turn something that was previously a subject into an object so that the sense of ownership of the listener or reader becomes stronger. For example: "This box of conscience is ours together".

Characteristics of Persuasive Text

Based on various explanations of the meaning and structure, it can be concluded that the characteristics of persuasive texts are as follows.

1. It contains an invitation or encouragement to do something discussed in the text.
2. There are arguments or opinions of the author so that listeners or readers can consider the invitation.
3. It contains facts that try to prove one of the truths outlined by the author's reasoning.
4. The target of the text's thought process is oriented to the reader, not to the author himself as in argumentative texts.
5. The main idea is usually to avoid conflict or try to be as neutral as possible so that the reader's trust is not lost because the text is too specific.

Persuasive Text Language Rules

The Ministry and Culture Team of the Republic of Indonesia (2017, p. 188) revealed that persuasion texts' language features or linguistic rules are as follows.

1. Using technical words or terminology related to the topic being discussed. For example, if the text deals with adolescent problems, persuasion will use the internet, drugs, and reproduction.
2. Using argumentative conjunctions such as: because, because, if, thus, consequently, therefore.
3. To make it seem as if the writer is on the same side as the reader and "agree" to more persuade him, the text usually uses our pronouns, such as sentences: we must fight against this problem.
4. Using mental verbs, such as: concerning, predicting, admiring, expected, guessing, assuming, assuming, and concluding.
5. Using reference words in presenting facts, such as: based on that, referring to opinions.
6. Use imperative verbs such as important, should, should, should.

As a comparison, the following is the opinion of Mulyadi (2016, p. 224), which explains the linguistic rules as follows.

1. The words characterize persuasive statements must, should, should, should, and imperative verbs.
2. There is the pronoun "we", which aims to make the writer seem to represent the speaker's wishes.
3. The use of technical words or terms related to the topic discussed.
4. There is an argumentative use of conjunctions. For example, if, then, cause, because, thus, consequently, therefore.
5. As expected, use mental verbs concerning, admiring, opinionating, and summing up.
6. To convince and strengthen the persuasion that has been discussed previously, the author uses reference words. For example, based on…, referring to the opinion…

Steps to Compose a Persuasive Text

The steps of compiling or writing a persuasive text are the stages of expressing one's thoughts and thoughts, which are poured into a text or general idea. The Ministry of Education and Culture team revealed that the steps for writing a persuasive text consisted of the following points.

1. Determine the theme that contains the main thrust or persuasion.
2. Compile details that contain an introduction to the issue and a series of opinions or arguments.
3. Collecting material for strengthening opinions or arguments in the form of data and facts.
4. Develop the text by paying attention to the structure and rules of the language.

Meanwhile, Suparno and Yunus (2008, p.150) argue that there are several steps to compiling a persuasive text, namely:

1. Determine the theme or topic of the text.
2. Determine the goals that underlie a problem to be presented.
3. Collecting data that supports the overall idea of ​​the text can be obtained from empirical experience or observations (observations) ourselves as well.
4. Creating a text outline, the text outline is arranged based on the structure and the main sentences.
5. Develop an outline into a perfect text.
6. Create a title.

Interestingly, the title is determined at the end of the stage. This is indeed one of the techniques often used by professional writers such as journalists. Why? Because the title really determines the main interest of a text.

This is the same as how social media influencers make their titles as agitative as possible (clickbait). But journalists and writers who uphold their code of ethics do not take advantage of such deception and only try to make the title as attractive as possible.

Read also : Examples of Persuasive Texts and Their Structures (Various Topics)

Continue reading Persuasive Text: Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Types, Rules & Steps

Example of Fantasy Story Text and its Structure

Fantasy story text is one of the variants of narrative text, with the theme of imagination and fantasy as the main plot. Here are some examples of fantasy story texts with various themes such as magic, friendship, and magic mirror, deconstructing fantasy stories from "Rama and Shinta".

Fantasy Story about Magic

Nina's Magic

Orientation

How lucky Nina is to have a dream family who loves her very much this time. His new family treats him like the only biological child they have. Nina has been moving between families for a long time because her adoptive family always suddenly let her go. The orphanage even had time to ask about it. They even had time to question whether Nina is a naughty child? Because the family who adopted her always reasoned that they couldn't afford or even were afraid to take care of Nina.

Complications

But now I have no idea. Because he has been happy with his new family for more than two years, Nina couldn't help but sneeze after reflecting on her past. As he sneezed, beads of golden light splattered out of his mouth. Nina was surprised to see it and even more surprised to see the hat surrounded by sparks of light now floating in front of her. "Well, Nina can already bewitch while getting up now," said her stepmother, who was suddenly beside Nina.

Resolution

"Why, why did mom suddenly appear anyway?' asked Nina. "Guess..." replied his mother. "What? Nina doesn't even know what Mama was talking about about the magics earlier," she replied. "You're a magician, and mommy is also a witch" "ah, what are you talking about" "don't believe it? We'll study together later, okay?" Nina's mother replied as she suddenly disappeared, leaving behind the golden powder that Nina released when she sneezed.

Nina couldn't understand what was really going on with the hat. He scratched his head while muttering to himself, "why is this". "Tomorrow, mom will explain, nin, and now mom is busy completing the neighbour's order" Nina was surprised again because mom's voice sounded in her mind. "No, I can't read your mind, I can only talk, the others can too."

Fantasy Story about Friendship

Friendship Ball

Orientation

This field is a silent witness to what happened ten years ago. The year in which I was still in junior high school and was relentless to play football here. Of course, with my friends, friends who find a special place in my heart. However, I will forget that naive time when we arrogantly challenged the SSB students who sometimes played here. No need to tell again how the result. We still lost against complex children who were said to be more spoiled than village children. But that's not the point of the game. An accidental game led us to that rare event. Events that when we were little, we could not believe it. Even our children can't digest it.

Complications

It started when we decided to look for a new field. No special reason, we just want to find a new atmosphere. In addition, one of our friends said that he found a good place to play ball. However, the field is located on the other side of the wilderness rarely passed by residents. To be precise, the field was a valley between the two mountains flanking our village.

After walking for several hours, we finally got there. This field does look promising. Not to mention the beautiful views surrounding the surroundings too. The grass might be a little too thick, but that didn't bother the plastic balls we brought with us. But there, we were fun to explore. Because the area is still foreign to us. Then, the ball we were carrying suddenly rolled quickly. I chased after him, but the ball was sliding fast; it was hard to keep up. After a while of running, I just realized one thing odd. This area is flat, and there is no way the ball can roll on its own. Finally, I stopped running, and suddenly, the ball stopped moving.

Cold sweat dripped down my forehead. I then looked back, and there was no one there. I don't know where my friends are. This time, the air around me felt different. The cool breeze that blows calmly turns into a dry wind that stabs my chest. I looked back at the ball, and there was Dani, trying to get the ball. Followed by a clapping on my right shoulder, which surprised me. "Den, no one kicked the ball, right?" Ask my friend. "No", I replied shortly. "Blowing the wind, huh?" "Yes," I replied briefly again while holding back the horror I was experiencing.

He then half pulled me along with my other friends. Meanwhile, Dani has also managed to pick up the ball and join us. "Where are you going and?" I asked. This time Dani was silent; he just kept pulling my hand while carrying me to the east, the opposite direction from where the ball was sliding. We all did not stop running until we arrived at the edge of the forest that we had previously passed. For some reason, even the atmosphere of this dark wilderness felt more comfortable when compared to the space.

Resolution

After walking halfway home, Dani finally didn't budge. "Good, yes, that was the place." "Yeah, but…" "But mystical? Hehe, it's okay, den, don't be afraid" "But you saw it for yourself, it was a ball sliding by itself". Then Dani, with a smile, said, "As long as we are together, nothing will happen, den, just relax".

Without thinking, I then replied to those words with a small laugh while muttering, "want to be an anime lu dan". Suddenly all of our herd laughed at that.

Examples of Love and Family Fantasy Stories

Magic mirror

Orientation

That morning, Sinta was lazy to get up and get ready for school. Because last night he just finished his homework at around 11 pm. He could only open one eye and peek at the alarm clock. But suddenly, his attention was distracted by the blinking of his cellphone. He took it and found that Rama had replied to his Whatsapp message. At that time, Sinta suddenly got up from her room and quickly got ready to school.

This is actually not surprising. Because, secretly, all this time, Rama is Sita's heart. He idolized Rama because Rama was a friendly, polite, and accomplished child in school.

Even though she is still in the 10th grade of high school, Sinta has already started dressing up. Even so, the makeup she wears is not excessive and is more based on maintaining facial health. So, one of the preparations for school is to apply lip gloss to her lips.

However, she couldn't find the small mirror she used to dress up in that morning. He kept looking until he finally met his mother, who was busy in the kitchen. "Ma..., have you seen the mirror of Sinta's powder or not?" Ask Sinta. "No, Sinta... It's already too late, you know, why don't you go too? You'll be late," replied her mother. "Yes, ma'am, but Sinta hasn't used lip gloss yet." "Just use a mirror in your closet, Sin" "You can't, ma'am, you can't see it, you have to be close," said Sinta, complaining. "Yes, I've just used a mirror, Mama's powder, you take it yourself in Mama's room, on the dressing table".

Complications

Sinta then went to her mother's room and immediately approached the dressing table. When approaching him, Sinta saw a line of makeup equipment. However, he did not find his mother's powder mirror. He finally tried to find it in the desk drawer. He found a small mirror that was a bit dull and looked old. "Well, it's okay, you can," he muttered in his heart.

However, when he looked in the mirror, it was not his face that was visible. Sinta was suddenly shocked and turned the mirror onto the table. Her heart was pounding, and her breathing was racing uncontrollably. "Maybe I just saw it wrong" he tried to calm his thoughts in his heart. Before long, with a little hesitation, he turned the mirror again. This time, he focused his gaze on the mirror. However, it turns out that he saw another figure in the mirror once again. A man with a gloomy face, thick eyebrows, and a slightly grim appearance. Yes, Sinta recognized the figure. He is a schoolmate, a man who is the exact opposite of Rama. He didn't like the man's figure because he was quiet and always gave an unfriendly look to anyone. He is Ravana.

Resolution

"Sin, Sinta... Why are you dear?" He heard his mother's voice approaching. It was natural for her mother to be worried because the sound of the mirror that Sinta had pounded against the table was quite loud. Her mother then saw Sinta, looking in the mirror with a frightened and curious face. "Why do you use the mirror, Sin?" asked his mother. Sinta still did not move and did not pay attention to her mother's question. "Oh, you can see too, can you see who sin?" This time, Sinta replied, "You know what? Sinta is looking at Ravana ma, a school friend," replied Sinta, even more surprised. "Oh, it turns out that you already know, huh, that's good", replied her mother. "Huh? What do you mean, ma'am?" replied sinta while squinting her eyes.

"The mirror is our family heirloom. Your grandmother calls it a matching mirror," replied her mother with a small laugh. "Hah? Since when did we have this, ma'am, anyways... it's impossible for Rahwana ma, Sinta doesn't like him. It's even a bit cheesy," he replied. "The name is a mate who knows sin" "No, I don't want to!" said Sita. "Ah, you're still in high school anyways. How do you know about that? You're not old yet!" replied his mother. "Oh, but it's impossible. Ravana is a very rude person. It's also difficult to talk to him, which is rude anymore; there's no gentleness to girls," replied Sinta. "Do you know him? I mean, do you know what's in your heart and what it's like?" "Boro-boro, Sinta said it's difficult to talk to him too." "Well then, don't judge someone from his attitude alone; it's not necessarily someone who has a cold attitude like that has a bad heart."

Sinta was then stunned for a moment contemplating her mother's words. However, he soon realized that the main issue this time was not about Ravana, let alone his soul mate. "But why do you have a mirror-like this? This is real? There's no screen, right?" Asked Sinta while groping the back of the mirror. "It's not that much sin; there are still many other heirlooms that you will be more surprised to see", replied his mother with a wink.

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Fantasy Story Text, Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Rules & Examples

Definition of Fantasy Story Text

Fantasy story text is one of the genres narrative text which has a story full of imagination and fantasy that exceeds reality (Kemdikbud, 2017, p. 44). The narrative text is a text that tells a story. So, it can be concluded that fantasy story texts are narrative texts that tell fantasy stories.

Why be specific fantasy stories? Because active fantasy can hone creativity quickly and effectively. Talking about fantasy, fantasy itself is divided into two types, namely:

1. Active fantasy, namely fantasy which is controlled by the mind and will; for example, the painter who imagines drawing or writer who imagines writing.
2. Passive fantasy, namely fantasy that is not controlled, is as if the person who fantasizes is only passive as a forum for responses, for example: daydreaming.

Of course, the fantasy used in writing or reading fantasy stories is active fantasy. For the record, the division of the type above is specific to "fantasy" only, not fantasy texts. Meanwhile, fantasy story text types will be discussed below.

Types of Fantasy Stories

Types of fantasy stories can be divided into two general categories first, namely based on: a) their suitability to real life; and b) based on the background of the story (Kemdikbud, 2017, p. 54).

Fantasy Based on Its Suitability in Life

Based on their suitability with real life, there are two categories of fantasy stories, namely:

1.      Total fantasy story

In this category of stories, everything in the story does not happen in the real world. For example, Nagata's fantasy story is the total fantasy of the author. So the name of the person, the name of the object, the name of the city is really the author's fiction;

2.      Slice fantasy story

Namely fantasy stories that express fantasy but still use names in real life, use place names that exist in the real world, or events that have occurred in the real world.

Fantasy Based on Story

Based on the background of the story, fantasy stories are divided into two categories, namely:

1.      Contemporary time

This means the setting used at one time, such as present fantasy, past fantasy, or future/futuristic fantasy;

2.      Time cross background

This means that fantasy stories use two different time settings: thee present with prehistoric times, the present and the next 40 years/futuristic).

Fantasy Story Text Structure

The structure of the fantasy story text is still the same as the general narrative text. Here are some of those structures.

1. Orientation This section introduces the setting, characters, and story in terms of time, place and events. Orientation is also commonly used to organize various scenes and explain the relationships between characters.
2. Complications are the part where the conflict starts to emerge. Conflict is a contradiction or difficulty for the main character. Complications explain how the causes and effects of conflicts that occur between characters. This section will be graded peaking until it reaches a climax.
3. Resolution problem-solving. This section is the resolution of various conflicts that occur. Resolution can also be the final statement of the conditions experienced by the main character.

As a side note, we can insert several other structures among the three main structures above. Simply put, there are other structural parts found in fantasy stories or narrative texts in general.

For example, an abstract overview of the story can be inserted before Orientation. Then, after complications, there is usually a climax which is the peak of tension from the various complications that occur. After the resolution, we can insert a coda that is the story's closing, which is the conclusion of the mandate or instructions that lead to the continuation of the story (sequel).

Characteristics of Fantasy Story Text

Several characteristics distinguish fantasy story texts from other narrative texts. According to the Ministry of Education and Culture team (2017, p. 50), the differences are as follows.

1. Stories reveal things supernatural/mysterious, supernatural that is not found in the real world.
2. A fantasy story is a fantasy genre fiction story (an imaginative world created by the author). In fantasy stories, things are impossible to become ordinary.
3. Characters and settings created by the author do not exist in the real world or modifications to the real world.
4. Fantasy themes are magic, supernatural or futuristic.
5. The idea of ​​the story is open to the author's imagination, not limited by reality or real life.
6. A series of fantasy story events using various settings that break through the dimensions of space and time. For example, the main character can experience events in several time settings: modern times and the background of the Dutch colonial era.
7. Characters in fantasy stories can be given unique characters and characteristics that do not exist in everyday life. For example, characters have certain supernatural powers or experience mysterious events that do not occur in everyday life.
8. Fantasy stories are fictional (not real events). Fantasy stories can be inspired by real settings or real objects in life but still imbued with imagination and fantasy.
9. The use of synonyms with strong emotions and word variations is quite prominent. The language used is varied, expressive, and uses a variety of conversations (not formal language).

Talking about the 9th point above, which emphasizes language characteristics, like other texts, fantasy story texts also have several characteristics in their use of language. These linguistic characteristics will be discussed in the presentation below.

Language Rules Fantasy Story Text

Fantasy texts' rules or linguistic features include the following points (Kemdikbud, 2017, p. 68).

1. The use of pronouns and people's names as a narrative point of view: me, them, him, Erza, Doni.
2. The use of words that perceive the senses to describe the setting (place, time, atmosphere), for example, setting of a place: Three cone-style houses greeted my eyes. Gold and diamonds are scattered on the walls of the house. The lab is messy. All equipment broke. Strange only my laptop is still on.
3. Using a choice of words with symbolic meanings and special meanings, for example, The Alien has a sharp nose. With his nose protruding, he sniffed around.
4. Time sequence marker conjunctions: a) chronological conjunctions after, then, meanwhile, at the same time, suddenly, when, before, etc.; b) the use of chronological conjunctions to indicate the arrival of another character or a change in setting, both in terms of atmosphere, time, and place, for example, two years later, Farta has arrived on Planet Mars and met Tatao. Finally, Farta was able to save himself from the giant's attack.
5. The use of the word/expression of surprise The use of the word/expression of surprise serves to move the story (starting the problem), for example, a) Suddenly an alien who is larger in size comes; b) In the midst of his happiness came the calamity.
6. The use of direct dialogue/sentence in the story, for example: "The giant is chasing us!" shouted Fona frantically. I gaped at Fona's words. I immediately ran.

Example of a short fantasy story text and its structure

The following is an example of a fantasy story text with its constituent elements, which tells about Nino's encounter with an adorable alien.

Adorable Nino and Alien

Orientation

That night, somehow unlike usual, Nino couldn't fall asleep. He had been trying to close his eyes for a long time but couldn't sleep. He then decided to open his bedroom window, hoping the fresh breeze would make him sleepy.

But not long after he opened the window, a bright light seemed to be approaching from a distance. Nino then returned to his bedroom window. The light drew closer and started to dazzle Nino and covered his eyes with one hand.

Complications

Suddenly a tiny alien came. Her belly is distended, her body is blue, and her lips are pink. His eyes are bright green. The big-headed Alien suddenly emitted a red glow from his hand that warmed Nino's body.

"Hello, w-who are you?" Nino asked, a little scared. The Alien then answered in a language that Nino and even other humans couldn't understand! "Blah weos dgak, laih ipos en quere?". "Sorry, I don't understand what you're saying", Nino replied.

Instantly, the Alien seemed to understand what was happening, then twirled its antenna-shaped ears as if adjusting something like a radio frequency. Then he said in human language, "I can't sleep, on my planet, there are three suns, so it's too bright, can I sleep here with you?".

Resolution

Although somewhat hesitant, Nino allowed it. It didn't take long for the alien to lie down on the carpet in Nino's room. "Sorry, you can use my bed. You don't have to be on the floor." But Nino was too late because the Alien was already asleep; he purred like a cat.

Then, after a few seconds, the Alien woke up again. "Thank you, and I slept very soundly earlier," the Alien said while holding back a yawn. "Well, you've only slept for a few seconds, right?" replied Nino. "Oh, yes, beings from my planet only need 15 to 30 seconds of sleep in 1000 years".

The Alien got out and flew back into the sky through the bedroom window. Guess who now will not be able to sleep because they have witnessed this extraordinary event?

Read also : Example of Fantasy Story Text and its Structure

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Example of Narrative Text and Its Structure (Various Themes)

Example narrative text in this article is arranged briefly and concisely but still has various rules and proper narrative text structures. The structure of the narrative text, of course, consists of orientation, complication (conflict & conflict peak), and resolution (problem-solving & closing).

Here are some examples of narrative texts in various themes, including someone infected with the COVID-19 pandemic, educational, environmental, and artistic narratives.

Example of Short Narrative Text (Short)

The story of Yunus, who was infected with the Corona Virus

Orientation

Yunus is an employee of a mining company based in Jakarta. Right when the Covid-19 pandemic began to hit Indonesia, he was assigned to make an official trip to East Java.

The company is currently working on several new oil and gas mines in the province. Thus, not only Yunus was assigned but also several of his colleagues from his division and several other divisional teams.

It can be said that dozens of employees from his company will work in Central Java during the project. There were no special restrictions to leave Jakarta at that time.

Complications

Initially, Yunus' official trip went smoothly. One day, one of his colleagues could not attend the weekly inter-divisional meeting due to illness. Reportedly he had to be rushed to the hospital because he had a fairly severe fever.

A few days after the meeting, held in a closed room using air conditioning, Yunus also fell ill. He had a fairly high fever, and when he went to the clinic, the doctor sentenced him to have to treat him because he was considered to have symptoms of typhoid.

After two weeks of treatment, Yunus was recovering quite well and asked to be sent back to his home in Bandung because he wanted to meet his family. The hospital also allows it on the condition that it does a rapid test first.

At this time, Indonesia has begun to make various efforts to avoid the coronavirus transmission and has begun to require rapid tests for someone who travels outside the city. Yunus' rapid test results also showed that he was classified as non-reactive and was finally allowed to return to Bandung.

When he arrived in Bandung, Yunus decided to stay isolated and not physically contact his wife and children. Risma, the wife of Yunus, agreed; however, Yunus' condition, which had started to improve before, turned out to be gradually worsening again.

This time, in addition to fever and numbness of his tongue, he also felt the symptoms of shortness of breath. His fever increased again, and his wife took the initiative to take Yunus back to the hospital.

Upon arrival at the hospital, Yunus was required to do a swab test before being hospitalized. This time, health protocols in Indonesia are getting stricter. Yunus' family agreed, and it turned out that Yunus had tested positive for the coronavirus or had COVID-19 symptoms.

At that time, the hospital asked Yunus' wife and the whole family to take a swab test. The horror began to surround Jonah and his family. Anxiety fear, coupled with Yunus' condition that had not improved, added to his wife's bitterness.

Resolution

The Yunus family's house was finally visited by officers who carried out the sterilization by spraying disinfectant throughout the Yunus family's residence area. The arrival of the officers also picked up Yunus' entire family for isolation while waiting for the swab test results.

Fortunately, the swab test returned negative for Yunus' wife and children. Yunus finally recovered after being treated for two months in the hospital. During those two months, he said that his fever did not go away, and his breathing was still disturbed, accompanied by a slight pain in his chest. In the end, when he touched the third month of his treatment, he was declared to have recovered and was free from the coronavirus.

Example of Educational Narrative Text

Thanks to SMK, I Can!

Orientation

Since I was little, I have always loved video games. Video games are interesting entertainment that can relieve our boredom in everyday life. This entertainment is also known to have benefits to train our motor development.

Several studies have been carried out by providing gameplay therapy to the elderly to not suffer from Alzheimer's or senile dementia. In conclusion, video games are a positive way to unwind and benefit if played in a balanced portion.

Complications

Unfortunately, the love of playing games became one of the biggest obstacles in my educational development. So much fun playing games, I always leave time to study. I only do the housework as little as possible because I always want to play more games.

My habit, which can be said to be quite a bit addicted to playing games, makes my school achievement a mess. I got a warning from the BK teacher that my average score was the lowest in my junior high school. He said he was worried about my recent declining academic achievement, even though I was already in 9th grade.

That's when I started trying to come back to my senses and study harder. But it seems it was a bit too late. Because, in the end, my passing grade was not satisfactory, and I had little chance of getting into a public school.

Resolution

Then, in that predicament, my father gave me advice that turned out to be life-changing. He said, "Son, you like playing games, don't you? How about you learn how to make games too? Do you want to enter SMK in informatics? You're already good at using a computer from SD." I also agreed, and it turns out that's where I stand.

Although there are no specific subjects that teach us how to make games, programming, multimedia image processing, and animation are still taught. From these various basic subjects, I could figure out for myself how to make games. Now, I am one of the outstanding students in our SMK.

I managed to become a provincial champion in designing and creating a school website. My grades are also quite good, I have become one of the pride of our school, and my parents are also very proud of me, who has now become quite accomplished in school.

But don't get me wrong, I'm still playing the game. Only this time, I can occasionally adjust the duration portion when I need entertainment on the sidelines of my busy study. Now, I can study well and experience the positive effects of video games without experiencing the negative effects.

Examples of Environmental Themed Long Narrative Texts

The Flood Disaster That Hit My Village

Orientation

My family and I live in dayeuhkolot, citereup, Bandung district. The area is a suburban area of ​​Bandung, known as a traffic jam area. However, that's not all, and our area is also known as an area that is regularly hit by floods. When I was a child, my home was a comfortable place.

Although sometimes it does flood, but not as bad as now. The water level will only reach the middle of my calf, which at that time was still quite short. The time is also not long, only a few hours, the flood usually has receded.

Floods have only become an annual disaster that feels quite pleasant for a small child like me. Sometimes my friends and I are even engrossed in fishing in the puddles near our house. But all that changed when I started sitting in middle school.

Complications

The flood that hit our village turned into a terrible disaster. His height reached my chest and prevented me from going to school. I was quite lucky because our house was on a fairly high level. Although simple, our house also has a 2nd floor which is our escape when a flood hits.

Meanwhile, our neighbour who is at a low altitude can't stay in his house. Floods submerged their houses to the ceiling and even their roofs. They were forced to evacuate to a higher bridge area. There the TNI had set up a temporary camp for refugees while picking up other flood victims in the vicinity.

Floods like this continued to hit our area until high school. Slowly stalls and other places of business around here began to close. Factory employees usually rent rents near our village are starting to become empty. Our area has become very quiet from various economic activities.

In fact, the government has reduced flooding by dredging, expanding, and deepening the Citarum tributary, which is very close to my house. However, this flood never stopped and even seemed to get worse.

The walls of our house are dirty, and there are marks of water soaking all over. Our refrigerator was not safe because it was flooded several times. Our water pump also experienced the same thing. In addition, my father's motorbike also had to get off the engine several times because it was flooded.

Resolution

Actually, I do not know the exact cause of the flood that hit our village. The information I know goes back to preserving the environment that is less well maintained. Several students who had the opportunity to carry out Real Work Lectures at Dayeuhkolot had time to provide various questioning activities regarding flood disaster management and prevention.

In this activity, I got information about the balance of nature that does not work can cause this kind of disaster. Starting from throwing garbage in its place and not throwing it into the river.

Disposing of garbage is one of the problems that occur in our village. There are still many residents who throw garbage carelessly into the Citarum tributary in our area. However, this is not the only cause of this flood. Development in water catchment areas is also the cause. So the government also began to mobilize activities to fix these problems. Our village has begun to enforce the mandatory use of paving blocks for roads in our area to remain comfortable but still absorb water.

Until now, various other efforts have also been made, from upstream to downstream of the Citarum River. Now, when I was in college, Dayeuhkolot was still a flooded area. Some of the government's efforts are actually starting to be felt even though they only have a small effect. However, now my village seems to be a dead city. There is only one shop that still sells near my house. The rest decided to close and move to other areas because they could not stand the flood disaster.

Meanwhile, I chose to study environmental management techniques to determine how an area should be managed to prevent flooding. So that when I finish my studies, I can contribute to my village. Because this is my house, where I used to live, much more beautiful, it doesn't turn into a muddy puddle polluted by garbage like this.

Artistic Narrative Text Example

An artistic narrative text is a narrative text that is designed to entertain the reader through an artistic fiction story and usually has a hidden meaning or message in it. Here is an example.

Nirvana in the Forest Behind the School

Orientation

This afternoon I decided to venture into the forest behind the school. A place that is often the main tweet of my class. It is said that there are often strange and scary sounds. For me, of course, the soundbank there, the name is also the forest. There must be a lot of animals roaming around it.

This forest is quite dark because the trees around it are very dense. The path alone really leaves almost no room for my shoulders to move. The path is also a bit of a climb, and after half an hour of walking, I still haven't found any light trails indicating a slightly open spot.

However, as soon as I started to get tired, I saw a mysterious gate that would lead me to nowhere. What is clear, the gate is shaped like a gebyok or a large wooden door full of carvings from classical times.

Complications

When I opened the gate, I was amazed at the natural beauty I saw. Here, the earth alone is made of gold grains mixed with shards of resplendent red rubies. A tree that grows leaves of money flowers bloom is made of silk with diamonds studded with diamonds.

Not only that, the flow of the river here is milk that is ready to be scooped up to drink. I was confused about where to start the journey. Cotton candy reeds might be a good appetizer. But, when I think about it, sweets are more suitable for dessert.

I finally decided to taste the milk that runs all over this place. I used a glass made of caramel candy to drink it. The taste is so fresh; the milk smell is thick cold but doesn't make my teeth hurt; it's cold, just like water from a mountain spring.

Before long, I began to touch the entire area. The various gold coins that gushed out from the slide I pocketed. The leaves were made of neatly folded money I spent. Various cut fruit hanging on the sweet fragrant tree I devoured without stopping.

Resolution

Until finally, I heard the school bell faintly ring. Then I remembered that the break would be over soon. I hurriedly ran, trying to get back to school with the pain in my stomach from eating too much.

My acceleration was disturbed because of the grains and gold coins I pocketed. When I arrived at school, my friends looked surprised to see me. I ignored him and then immediately sat on my bench. My seatmate was still looking at my face.

While sitting down, I accidentally fell some coins and money. My friend then asked, "Where did the gold coins and money come from". I spontaneously answered, "yes, bring it from home". Immediately the gold coin turned into a withered yellow flower. The money that fell also seemed to fade into leaves.

My friends and I were surprised to see it. Maybe it was all just an illusion from the start. But then our teacher approached and said, "if you share, you will be like Entong, who is now a rich merchant in this village," he said in a whisper. "The forest gate is only open to certain people who are not greedy," he continued.

Continue reading Example of Narrative Text and Its Structure (Various Themes)

Narrative Text – Definition, Structure, Elements, Characteristics, Types & Functions

Definition of Narrative Text

The narrative text is a type of text that contains a story that is told through a plot of events arranged in chronological order or causality or cause and effect. This text is one type of text that has many derivatives. The derivatives include fantasy story texts, fable texts, historical stories, news in narrative form, etc.

This statement is in line with what was expressed by the Ministry of Education and Culture team (2017, p. 194) that a narrative text is a text that includes all types of written or spoken words that contain elements of the story. Apart from other types of derivative texts, we ​​are also tested to be involved with levels in everyday life. For example, talking with friends while telling an incident is also a storytelling activity that we are narrating orally.

Then, the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 50) added that narrative is a fictional story that develops events or events. The story is told sequentially, starting from the background to the peak of the incident.

Meanwhile, Okke (2015, p. 52) states that narrative is a series of events that occur to a character (humans, animals, plants, or objects) which can be real events, even though they are called fictitious. Characterized by a time relationship, events are arranged chronologically.

So it can be concluded that narrative text is a text that conveys a story in the form of a series of events that occur in character, starting from the background of the event to the peak of the event and its completion.

Narrative Text Structure

The narrative text consists of several parts that make it a complete text and different from other texts. In general, Kosasih (2016, pp. 300-302) says that the narrative structure is divided into several parts, which include:

1.      Introduction to story situations (exposition, orientation)

In this section, the author introduces the characters, and the relationship between the characters, to arrange the scenes that will lead them to the plot of events.

2.      Event disclosure

This part of the narrative structure presents the initial events that cause the characters' various problems, conflicts, or difficulties.

3.      Towards conflict (rising action)

There is an increase in depression, excitement, or excitement until the emergence of various situations that cause the character's difficulty to increase towards the height of the conflict.

4.      The peak of the conflict (turning point)

The peak of the conflict, also known as the climax, is the most horrendous or thrilling part of the narrative, where the story is at the peak of the conflict.

5.      Completion (evaluation, resolution)

This section reviews the entire explanation or assessment of the attitudes or fate that befell the characters after experiencing the peak of the conflict at the climax.

6.      Coda

This section is optional in the form of comments on the entire story's content, which is the closing of the story.

Narrative Text Elements

Keraf (2010, p. 45) states that the narrative consists of several constituent elements. These elements are as follows.

1. The theme is the subject of discussion, and the basis for developing the story told by the author.
2. Background, namely the time, social environment, and the place where the events are told.
3. Characterizations, namely how the character and depiction of the characters are contained in the narrative essay.
4. The plot is a pattern or series of events or events that try to solve the conflict in the narrative.

Characteristics of Narrative Text

Like other texts, the narrative has several special characteristics that distinguish it from other text genres. According to (Keraf 2010, p. 136), the characteristics of the narrative are as follows.

1. Highlighting elements of action or action and arranged in a certain time sequence.
2. Attempts to answer the question: what is going on?
3. There is conflict because the narrative is built by a storyline, and the plot will not be boring if there is no conflict.

In addition, Semi (2013, p. 31) reveals several other characteristics of narrative texts as follows.

1. In the form of stories or stories about events to the author's experience.
2. Events or events from the story conveyed can be in the form of real events or limited to imagination to a combination of the two.
3. The narrative is structured around conflict, without which the plot would be less interesting.
4. Contains aesthetic value
5. Emphasizes the chronological order of the plots.

Meanwhile, the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 50) stated that the general characteristics of narrative texts are as follows.

1. The narrative has a story that contains the development of events or events.
2. The series of events in narrative text stories are driven by the law of cause and effect. The story develops from the introduction stage (what, who, and where the incident occurred), the emergence of conflict, and the completion/end of the story. This series of stories is called plot.
3. Narrative texts have characters with characters who experience a series of events.
4. The narrative has a theme or main idea that is the center of the development of the overall story.
5. Having a mandate related to the values ​​of life and its nature must be inferred from the content of the story (not conveyed directly).

Narrative Text Function

Based on the goals and benefits that can be felt when writing or reading narrative texts, the functions of this text are as follows.

1. Telling a story through a series of storylines and other elements.
2. In certain types of narrative text, the text serves to expand the knowledge of the reader or listener about something (historical text, narrative news, etc.).
3. The delivery of social messages or messages through the character of the characters and the various events that occur in them.
4. Explain in detail about an event to the discussion of its causes.

Narrative Text Language Rules

Each type of text must have rules or special features of the language used, including narrative text. Kosasih (2016, p. 305) reveals that the rules of narrative language are as follows.

1. Many use sentences that have a past meaning.
2. Tend to use a lot of words that state the order of time, commonly called chronological conjunctions.
3. Use verbs that describe an action.
4. Rich in verbs that show indirect sentences to tell the story of a character brought by the author.
5. Using a verb that states something that is thought or felt by the character (mental verb).
6. Usually, the writer acts directly in the first person and is involved in the story in question, so he will use many first-person words to convey the story, such as me, me, and we.
7. It could also be that the author is only in the third person so that he acts as an observer. Therefore, the writing will use a lot of third-person pronouns such as he, they,

Narrative Text Type

Of course, if we talk about the type of narrative text, many genres of text depend on narrative text in its delivery. The types of genres are as simple as:

1. Fantasy Story Text
2. History story text
3. Inspirational story
4. Fable text
5. Saga text
6. Short story
7. Novel, etc.

However, if we draw the division at the root of narrative discourse (text), according to Keraf (2010, pp. 136-138), narrative text is divided into two main types, which will be explained in the explanation below.

1. Expository Narrative (Informational Narrative)

An expository narrative is a narrative that aims to deliver accurate information about an event with the aim of expanding the reader's knowledge through the story. The writer tells an event based on actual data in the expository narrative.

The actor who is highlighted is usually only one person and is told from the beginning to the present or until the end of his life. This narrative essay is colored by exposition, so various exposition provisions also apply here. These provisions include the use of language that is logical, fact-based, and objective.

In essence, the expository narrative has the following characteristics:

1. Expand knowledge.
2. Delivering information about an event.
3. Based on reasoning to reach a rational agreement.
4. The language tends to be informative so that it focuses on denotative words.

2. Suggestive Narrative (Artistic Narrative)

The suggestive narrative is a narrative that tries to describe an intention so that it is as if the reader or listener saw and felt it themselves. This narrative also usually tries to give an indirect message.

In contrast to expository narrative, the purpose of this type of narrative is to give meaning to events or events as an experience, not to expand knowledge. The characteristics of suggestive narrative are:

1. Convey meaning.
2. Engaging imagination.
3. Reasoning functions as a means of conveying meaning.
4. The language tends to be figurative so that it focuses on connotative words.

Example of Narrative Text

An example of a narrative text and its structure that has proper linguistic rules can be seen at the following link:

Example of Narrative Text and Its Structure (Various Themes)

 

Continue reading Narrative Text – Definition, Structure, Elements, Characteristics, Types & Functions