Sample Test Report Text in Various Models

Example report text The experiment or experiment in this article is based on several existing models, such as a complete (scientific) experimental report, a short (simple) experimental report that only contains: general statements and descriptions, and development/manufacturing experiments.

Regarding how the structure and understanding of the experimental report can be seen at this link. Meanwhile, this article will describe a collection of sample experimental report texts with various topics, starting from the examples of scientific/complete experimental report texts below.

Example of Complete Experimental Report Text (Scientific)

The complete structure following the standards of scientific writing from the experimental report text includes objectives, theoretical studies, tools and materials, procedures/works, results of observations, discussions, conclusions, bibliography. The following is an example of a complete test report text.

Effects of Oil Spills on Wildlife Life

Purpose

It knows the impact of oil spills that often occur due to various errors that occur in the transportation process and oil drilling in the waters on the life of wild animals.

Theoretical review

Oil is one of the ingredients that humans widely use. The definition itself means a liquid that is insoluble or miscible with water but soluble in organic solvents. Various forms of oil are very beneficial for our life. There is oil that can be consumed or used as fuel to utilise energy. However, oil can damage the environment if not managed properly because it does not mix with water. At the same time, most of our life forms need water, including ourselves (humans) and wild animals.

Talking about the life of wild animals, what is meant by wild animals is various animal lives in the wild that are not interfered with by humans. That is, these animals are part of an unspoiled environmental ecosystem and can live independently without human intervention. Simply put, animals are not kept or cultivated by humans. As thinking and intelligent beings, we must take care of our existence. In the end, these animals also have their role in the environmental ecosystem that we live in. Without the safe life of wild animals, the human environment is threatened.

Tools and materials

In an experiment or experiment that will be conducted to determine the impact of an oil spill on animal life, the following tools and materials are needed.

1. Water
2. Liquid soap
3. Cooking oil
4. Toothache
5. Two pieces of feathers

Procedure/How it Works

1. Make a table with the properties of water and oil on poultry feathers with the following criteria: absorbent, non-absorbent, and damaged or not.
2. Pour water into a transparent bowl.
3. Dip the feathers in the water.
4. Note how water affects feathers: absorb, or not absorb, damaged/no?
5. Mix the oil into the water.
6. Dip the second feather in water that has been contaminated with oil.
7. Note how contaminated water affects feathers: absorb, or not absorb, damaged/not?
8. Try cleaning bristles that have been affected by oil-contaminated water using soap and a toothbrush.
9. Record the results of experiments to clean fur contaminated with oil.

Observation result

 

Experiment Object	Changes That Happened
Water	Water is absorbed by the fur, only changes shape when wet and doesn't break, once it dries it returns to its whole shape
Oil	Water does not absorb well, fur looks more worn and damaged
Soap	Soap can clean the oil, but the hair is already damaged and can't really return to its original shape

 

Discussion

The two substances that were experimented with turned out to have very different properties from each other. Water does not damage and actually cleans some of the dust that has settled in the fur. Meanwhile, the oil makes the fur unable to absorb water so that it becomes shabby and even damaged; even after trying to clean, it still doesn't help completely. For more details, the following is the presentation of the analysis results on water and oil.

1. Water absorbs into the hair and does not damage. In fact, it can clean or refresh the hair when it is dry.
2. The oil makes it impossible for water to absorb into the fur and damage the coat.
3. Feathers dipped in oil-contaminated water can be cleaned, but not completely. The fur doesn't really return to its original shape.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that oil spills on the water are detrimental to wild animals in nature. The conclusion is drawn from how oil makes birds' feathers unable to absorb water. In fact, water is one of the sources of animal life. These creatures certainly do not have soap to wash off the oil in the wild. Even if we as humans help clean it up, the result will not be the same as the original. Therefore it is better to prevent oil spills than to clean them.

Bibliography

Heralegina, Y. (2019). Oil spill in the sea that shocked environmental activists. Bandung: TIC Publisher.

Sample Text of a Short Experimental Report on Plants

This simple model experiment report only uses two main parts of the text: a general statement and a description (the description can be divided into several parts). The following is an example of a short test report text.

Hibiscus Flower Dissection Experiment

General Statement

Flowers have fairly complex anatomy but are simple in dividing tasks for each part. Through observation or observation, we can clearly see the various outer parts of the flower, such as the crown, petals, and flower stalk.

But we can't really see the inside like the ovule, pistil, and flower base. Through experiments to dissect or cut flowers, we can really know empirically how the actual shape of the flower parts.

Description

Hibiscus Exterior (Sterile)

It appears that the flower has a beautiful flower crown that becomes a lure so that insects can touch the fertile parts of the flower (stamens and pistils) so that the flowers can reproduce. Meanwhile, the flower petals that used to cover the crown are still visible at the base of the flower. The flower stalk also stands upright, supporting the flower with a complex anatomy.

The Inside of the Hibiscus Flower (Fertile)

This part is the most interesting part when cutting or dissecting flowers. It can be seen that the pistil has a hollow part and is indeed shaped like a hose that can channel something (stamens) into it.

At the base of the pistil, we can see the ovule that the stamens will fertilize. Without dissecting it, we cannot see this part. Meanwhile, in this surgery, some pollen was also found that had been attached to the base of the pistil. The shape is not really visible, but with the help of a magnifying glass, it is clear that the small object stuck there is the stamen.

Sample Text of Experimental Report on Food

Cooking Fries that are Crispy on the Outside & Soft on the Inside

Purpose

It makes french fries that are crunchy on the outside but still soft and tender on the inside.

Tools and Materials

Potatoes, kitchen knife, sugar, water, cooking oil

steps

1. Boil 3 cups of water until cooked and mix half or quarter of the sugar into it until the sea.
2. Peel the potatoes then cut them into small pieces and lengthwise using a kitchen knife. Be careful with this process, or ask someone who is skilled at using a knife to help.
3. Soak the cut potatoes in warm sugar water and boil for 15 minutes. This is to allow a small portion of the sugar to soak into the surface of the potato and result in a caramelized outside but perfectly cooked inside and absorb a little more water.
4. Dry the boiled potatoes on a tray lined with cooking paper (without colouring). This is done so that the water in the potatoes is reduced, so they will be crispier when fried.
5. Fry the potatoes for 10-15 minutes over low heat to ensure the inside of the potatoes.
6. Fry over high heat for 2-3 minutes or just enough to make sure the outside of the potatoes are crispy, paying close attention to the colour of the surface of the potatoes, don't let them burn.

Results

Potatoes fried using this method are crispier on the outside and slightly sweet on the outside. It appears that the potatoes get fried to a golden brown due to the slight caramelization of the icing. The outside of the potato is crunchy and has a complex, uneven texture.

Conclusion

The process required to make this dish may be a bit more complicated. But, after trying, it is not that complicated and is still possible even to be applied in daily cooking. The result is also worth fighting for because it makes french fries even more delicious with a few other steps from the usual way.

Continue reading Sample Test Report Text in Various Models

Experimental Report Text: Definition, Structure, Model, Features & Examples

Definition of Test Report Text

Experimental report text is a text that presents information about experimental results obtained through systematic experiments and analysis as it is. This definition is in line with the Ministry of Education and Culture team (2017, p. 10), who stated that the text of the experimental results report is a text that presents information about the experimental results as it is.

The text of the experimental results report can actually be said to be almost the same as the text of the observation report. It's just that what is reported is the result of an experiment, not an observation. The experiment will involve something that must be done systematically before being reported.

Because the experiment is an activity that is carried out, then when we are going to report it, we must also observe the results of the activity. Therefore, such as an observation report, the text of the experimental report will also involve some texts such as description text, exposition text, and explanation text.

Studying the Structure and Language of the Experimental Report Text

The test report is a compound text involving several types of text. At least this text will use descriptive text and explanatory text. The following is a description resulting from studying the structure, model, and linguistic features of the experimental report text.

Test Report Text Structure

To put it simply, the structure of the Experimental Report Text consists of the following two parts (MoEC, 2017, p. 24).

1.      General Statement

It consists of classification and a statement. This section determines the classification of aspects of something being tested, such as nature, plants, tools, and others that are discussed in general.

2.      Description

Describe something that is discussed in detail, part by part, habits, to something that is needed for life and natural behaviour for living things. It can also include using materials and tools for experiments to make objects and other special things.

However, in fact, the structure of the experimental results report will adjust according to the type of text model of the experimental results report being made. In the experimental model of making something, the structure becomes:

1. Purpose, explain the purpose of what kind of experiment, why it should be made, what will be proven, etc.
2. Tools and Materials describe the tools and materials that will be used in conducting experiments to make things.
3. Steps explain how the steps taken in carrying out the experimental activities.
4. Results describe the experimental results and will have two main structures of the experimental report: a general statement and a description of each experimental result.
5. The conclusion means concluding all activities and experimental results that have been carried out.

Test Report Text Model (Type)

There are at least three experimental report models that can be compiled, and the following is an explanation.

1.      Paper trial report model

This model is prepared using a systematic paper, meaning that the two main structures of the experimental report will be presented through a) Objectives, b) Theoretical Studies, c) Tools and Materials, d) Procedures/How to Work, e) Observations, f) Discussions, g) Conclusion, h) Bibliography.

2.      Simple trial report model

This model will only use the two main structures of the observation report, namely general statements and descriptions. The description itself will be divided into each section which is described, for example, for animal experiments: a) Appearance, b) Feeding Habits, c) Capacity, d) Reproduction.

3.      Development trial report model (creation)

Like the example described above, an experimental report can also be prepared through a model of making an object as an experimental activity. This model will involve the structure of a) objectives, b) tools and materials, c) steps, d) results, e) conclusions.

Language Characteristics of Test Report Text

Like other texts, the experimental report text has distinctive linguistic features or rules that distinguish this text from other types of text. The following are linguistic characteristics that are commonly used in reports (Kemdikbud, 2017, p. 24).

1. Introducing general or group aspect words, such as two-wheeled vehicles, public transportation, cat family, freshwater fish, mammals, poultry, reptiles, etc.
2. Many use logical relationship assignment words, such as: then, when, etc.
3. Use the word assignment to keep writing coherent (the meaning is well integrated).
4. Many use active sentences.
5. Using active verbs to describe the process and action of experimental activities.
6. Some sentences describe the sequence of activities.
7. Use more nouns and noun phrases than personal pronouns.
8. Some report models use technical terms or scientific terms.
9. Some report models come with diagrams, maps, photos, etc.

Test Report Text Features

Meanwhile, in general, the text of the experimental report has the following characteristics.

1. Objective, meaning that information is conveyed based on things obtained through experiments. If an experiment suspects A will have a good impact, but the experimental results turn out to have a bad impact, then the trial report will still say that the experiment failed (not covered up).
2. Fact, meaning that it is not based on unproven allegations. For example, the experimental report would not say that "the vitamin C content in oranges is very high" but would say "the vitamin C content in a 60-gram orange is as much as 100 mg" because experiments have been carried out and prove and measure the content of vitamin C in citrus fruits.
3. Comprehensive (Complete), the experimental report will fully describe the parts, and each part is explained in detail, not just an overview.

Purpose of Test Report Text (Function)

The text of the experimental report has the main purpose of conveying the experimental results as is. Why? The following are some of the purposes and functions of experimental report texts in general.

1. Looking for and finding new techniques or ways that have never been used before to solve a particular innovative problem.
2. Consider the steps that will be taken to make a decision on a problem. Through experiments, the problem will be more "visible", so it is easier to make decisions based on objective facts that have been proven through experiments.
3. Experimental reports can increase knowledge about a matter to provide choices or alternative solutions that can be used.
4. Find out about the development of certain problems that need to be retested. For example, are today's batteries the same as decades ago? It may have changed, and some things must be adjusted in responding to batteries by the community.
5. Supervise and fix things more efficiently and better thanks to experimental results, which again provide detailed descriptions of what happens when an activity is tried on something.

Sample Test Report Text or Experiment

Electrical Energy Delivery Experiment

General Statement

Purpose

Electricity is energy that can be channelled through a conducting object. To understand and know how electricity can be conducted, it is necessary to experiment. Experiments that have been carried out are turning on lights by utilizing electrical energy through conducting objects and other objects that cannot conduct them.

Tools and materials

The experiment was carried out using special materials that had been prepared previously. The materials used are batteries, wires, light bulbs, thread, plastic rope, tape.

Description

Steps

First, the experiment was started by connecting two wires to the bulb. The method used is to peel off part of the end of the cable so that the metal part is visible and then glue it to the bulb using masking tape.

Next, the two remaining ends of the cable that have been glued to the lamp are attached to the battery. When this is done, the light comes on. This means that the cable can conduct electricity from the battery to the light bulb.

Then, the above steps are repeated again, only this time without using a cable. The experiment was carried out using a plastic rope. It turned out that by using a plastic string, the light bulb didn't turn on.

Results

From these experiments, it can be seen that the bulb lights up when it is connected to the battery using a cable. However, the bulb does not light up when it is connected to the battery using a plastic strap.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the cable can conduct electric current. Meanwhile, plastic ropes cannot conduct electricity.

Various other sample test report texts can be seen at the following link:

Sample Test Report Text in Various Models

Continue reading Experimental Report Text: Definition, Structure, Model, Features & Examples

History of Indonesian Language: Birth & Development (Complete)

As Indonesian citizens, it seems that we all know that Indonesian is the language used by Indonesian people in daily communication. This language has also become a national identity among other nations worldwide. Then how is the history so that the language we use is Indonesian?

History of Indonesian Language Development

In short, before officially becoming the national language, Indonesian was first known as Malay. It was only since October 28, 1928, that Indonesian was officially used by the State of Indonesia as the national language.

Meanwhile, to explore the history of the development of the Indonesian language, it must be started from the history of its birth, which will be presented in the explanation below.

History of the Birth of the Indonesian Language

The history of the birth of the Indonesian language stems from the old Malay language, which until now can still be investigated as a relic of the archipelago's past. Further research conducted by experts even found that this Austronesian language also has a familial relationship with other languages ​​spoken in mainland Southeast Asia (Pramuki et al., 2014, p. 3).

This language has always been a liaison language between countries in Southeast Asia. This is evidenced by the existence of the inscriptions of Kedukan Bukit (683 AD), Talang Tuo (684 AD), Kota Kapur (686 AD), Karah Barahi (686 AD), which use a similar language.

When Europeans first came to Indonesia, the Malay language already had an extraordinary position in the midst of the people of the archipelago. Pigafetta, who followed Magellan's journey around the world, wrote Malay words when his ship docked at Tidore in 1521.

In fact, the Malay language comes from the western part of the archipelago. This is strong evidence showing that the Malay language at that time had spread widely to the archipelago, which was far in the east (Pramuki et al., 2014, p. 3).

In addition, Jan Huygen van Linschoten, a Dutch sailor who 60 years later sailed to Indonesia, revealed that not only has Malay been widely used, but it has been regarded as an honourable language among the languages ​​of the east.

He compared people from the archipelago who could not speak Indonesian to Dutch people who could not speak French, which was well known and privileged by the Dutch.

Inauguration of Indonesian as the National Language

During the Dutch era, when the People's Council was formed on May 18, 1918, Malay was recognized as the second official language in addition to Dutch, which was the first official language in the session of the People's Council.

However, on October 28, 1928, Indonesian has declared the language of unity or the national language through the Youth Pledge Pledge. The desire to have a common fighting spirit to feel bound in one nation and language is the background of this pledge; One Homeland, One Nation, One Language.

The following are the points of the youth oath pledge, one of the points of which is to establish the Indonesian language as national unity.

Youth Pledge Pledge

1. First: We, the sons and daughters of Indonesia, confess that we have one bloodshed, the land of Indonesia.
2. Second: We, the sons and daughters of Indonesia, claim to be one nation, the Indonesian nation.
3. Third: We, sons and daughters of Indonesia, uphold the language of unity, Indonesian.

Unfortunately, not many members of the Bumiputera take advantage of it. The official language issue then came to the fore again at the first Indonesian Language Congress in Solo in 1938. The congress resulted in two important decisions, namely that Indonesian became: (1) the official language; (2) the language of instruction in representative bodies and legislation (Pramuki et al., 2014, p. 6).

History of Indonesian After Independence

Then on August 18, 1945, one day after independence, the 1945 Constitution was signed. This time, in Chapter XV, Article 36, it has been legally established that Indonesian is the state language.

That is how Indonesian was finally born and officially became the national language of the Indonesian nation. There are three important moments regarding its inauguration.

However, many experts argue that the birth of the Indonesian language actually occurred on October 28, 1928, because it was a joint election, pledge, and inauguration of the nation that first established Indonesian as the language of unity.

Shortly after independence, our nation made a spelling change. The spelling previously used was Spelling van Ophuysen, replaced by Spelling Republik on March 19, 1947. After that, spelling changes and developments continued.

History of Indonesian Spelling

The Indonesian language continues to grow and develop as time wheels turn. Likewise, spelling is one of the most visible forms of development in its changes. The following is a timeline of Indonesian spelling changes.

Republic Spelling (1947)

Spelling Republic is a simplification of the previously used Spelling van Ophuysen. This spelling came into effect on March 19, 1947. The Minister of Education, Teaching and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia at that time was Mr Suwandi. Therefore, this spelling is also often referred to as the Suwandi spelling.

Some of the changes and differences between the Spelling Republic and Spelling van Ophuysen can be seen in the list below.

1. The combined oe in van Ophuysen's spelling is replaced with u in the Republican spelling.
2. The sound of hamzah (') in van Ophuysen's spelling is replaced with k in the Republican spelling.
3. Re-words may be marked with a two in Republic Spelling.
4. The letters e taling and e pepet in the Republic Spelling is not distinguished.
5. The trema (') in van Ophuysen's spelling is omitted in Republican spelling.

The following is an example of van Ophuysen's Spelling change when compared to Republic Spelling.

Van Ophuysen spelling	Republic Spelling
Koeboer	Kubur
Oemoer	Umur
Ma’loem	Maklum

Spelling Update (1957)

This spelling is a spelling created to update the Republic Spelling. This spelling arrangement was completed in 1957 by the Indonesian Spelling Reform Committee led by Professors Prijono and E. Katoppo.

One of the unique things about the Spelling Update concept is the simplification of consonant combination letters with single letters, as shown in the example below.

1. Consonant consonants dj are changed to j
2. Consonant consonants tj are changed to ts
3. Consonant combination ng is changed to nj
4. Consonant consonants nj are changed to ń
5. Consonant consonants sj changed to š
6. In addition, the combination of the vowels ai, au, and oi, or what is commonly called a diphthong, is written based on the pronunciation as ay, aw, and oy.

Republic Spelling	Spelling Update
Kalau	Kalaw
Gulai	Gulay
Harimau	Harimaw

Spelling Melindo (1959)

The formulation of the Melindo Spelling began with the convening of the second Indonesian Language Congress in 1945, in Medan, North Sumatra. Spelling Melindo (Malay – Indonesia) results from the Malay and Indonesian spelling, which was completed in 1959.

The form of the Melindo Spelling formula is a form of improvement from the previous spelling. However, unfortunately, this spelling has not been used because, at that time, the relationship between the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia was not good.

The things that are different from the Melindo spelling are:

1. Consonant consonants tj, as in the word tjinta, are replaced by c to become love.
2. The consonant combination nj is like njonja, replaced by the letter Nc, which is completely new.
3. In the Spelling Update, both consonants are replaced by ts and n.

New Spelling / LBK Spelling (1967)

This spelling is basically a continuation of the efforts initiated by the Melindo Spelling committee. This spelling was designed by the LBK Spelling committee and the spelling committee from Malaysia. This committee succeeded in formulating a spelling concept which was later named the New Spelling.

The committee works on the basis of the Decree of the Minister of Education and Culture, No. 062/67, 19 September 1967. The changes contained in the New Spelling or Spelling LBK are as follows.

1. Consonant consonants dj are changed to j. For example, remadja becomes remaja; djalan becomes jalan; perdjaka to be perjaka.
2. Consonant consonants tj are changed to c, for example batja to baca; tjakap becomes cakap; tjipta becomes cipta.
3. Consonant combinations nj are changed to ny. For example, sunji becomes sunyi, njala becomes nyala, bunji menjadi bunyi.
4. Consonant consonants sj are changed to sy. For example sjarat becomes syarat; sjukur becomes syukur; isjarat becomes isyarat.
5. Consonant consonants ch are changed to kh, for example tachta becomes takhta; machluk becomes makhluk; ichlas becomes ikhlas.

Improved Spelling/EYD (1972)

This spelling is an achievement of the work of the Indonesian spelling committee which was formed in 1966. The improved Indonesian spelling is a simplification and refinement of the Suwandi Spelling or Republic Spelling which has been used since March 1947.

This spelling was inaugurated to coincide with the XXVII Independence Day of the Republic of Indonesia on 17 August 1972 through Presidential Decree no. 57 of 1972. Some of the new policies set out in the EYD are described below.

1. The letters f, v, and z, which are borrowed elements from foreign languages, ​​are officially used. For example, fission, currency, university, khilaf, zakat, khazanah.
2. The letters q and x, which are commonly used in the field of science, are still used, for example, in words Furqan and xenon.
3. Writing di- as a prefix is ​​distinguished from di-, which is a preposition. As a prefix, di- is written often with an accompanying element, while di- as a preposition is written separately from the word that follows it.
4. The word rewrite is written in full by repeating its elements. The number two is not used as a repetition marker. For example, children become children; shake hands to shake hands.

Improved spelling also suggests:

1. Writing letters, including capital letters and italics.
2. Word writing.
3. Punctuation writing.
4. Writing abbreviations and acronyms.
5. Writing numbers and symbols for numbers.
6. Writing absorption elements.

Indonesian Spelling/EBI (2015)

The General Guide to Indonesian Spelling, or PUEBI, is the latest spelling that was inaugurated in 2015. This spelling is a substitute for EYD, based on the Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture of Indonesia Number 50 of 2015.

EBI is built on the basis of the previous EYD, there are only a few additional rules in writing. The main differences between Indonesian Spelling and Enhanced Spelling will be presented in the following presentation.

1. Addition of diphthong vowels. In EYD, there are only three diphthongs, namely ai, au, and oi, while in EBI, one diphthong is added, namely ei (for example, in words geiser and survei).
2. Use of capital letters. In EYD, capital letters are not regulated to write epithet elements, while in EBI, nickname elements are regulated and written with a capital letter beginning.
3. Use of bold letters. In EYD, there are three functions of boldface: writing the title of a book, chapter, and the like, specifying letters, and writing an entry or sub-lemma in a dictionary. In EBI, the third function is removed.

Background for Choosing Indonesian as National Language

Why was Indonesian chosen as the language of unity? In fact, Javanese or Sundanese is the language with the largest number of speakers in the archipelago. Wouldn't it be more practical if Javanese was appointed as the national language?

Prof. Dr. Slamet Muljana, a great Indonesian historian mentions 5 reasons why the Malay language was chosen as the basis for the birth of the Indonesian language as follows.

1. Malay language has always been used as a lingua franca or language of communication for centuries throughout the country (Nusantara). This does not happen in Javanese, Sundanese, or other regional languages.
2. The Malay language has the widest distribution area and transcends the boundaries of other languages, although the native speakers are not as many as Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, or other regional languages.
3. Malay is still related to other languages ​​in the archipelago, so it is familiar to most people in the country.
4. Malay is simple and does not recognize language levels, so it is easy to learn. This is different from Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese, which recognize language levels that make learning more complex.
5. The Malay language is able to overcome the differences and language problems between speakers from various regions in the archipelago which are very large in number. The choice of the Malay language also does not cause feelings of defeat against the stronger or most numerous group.

History of the Function and Position of the Indonesian Language

So what exactly is the position and function of Indonesian in this country after looking at its history? First of all, we make sure the meaning and purpose of the position and function first in relation to the Indonesian language.

Position is defined as the relative status of language as a symbol system of cultural values ​​formulated on the basis of the social values ​​of the language concerned. While the function is the value of using language which is formulated as the task of using the language in the position given to it.

First, Indonesian has a position as the national language and as the state language. The position of Indonesian as the national language has been held since the Youth Pledge was made on October 28, 1928.

Second, Indonesian has a position as the state language since it was inaugurated by the 1945 Constitution (August 18, 1945). In the 1945 Constitution, Chapter XV, Article 36, "The state language is Indonesian".

The following are some of the functions of Indonesian based on their position.

Indonesian as National Language

One of the positions of Indonesian is as a national language. In its position as the national language, Indonesian functions as:

1. A symbol of national pride.
2. Symbol of national identity.
3. A unifying tool for various ethnic groups with different socio-cultural and linguistic backgrounds.
4. Interregional and intercultural communication tools.

Indonesian as State Language

In addition to its position as the national language, Indonesian is also the state language, following the provisions contained in the 1945 Constitution, Chapter XV, Article 36. In its position as the state language, Indonesian functions as:

1. State official language.
2. The language of instruction in the world of education.
3. Communication tools at the national level for the purposes of planning and implementing national development and the interests of the government.
4. Tools for developing culture, science, and technology.

Continue reading History of Indonesian Language: Birth & Development (Complete)

Examples of Persuasive Texts and Their Structures (Various Topics)

Example persuasive text presented in this article is structured and presented in various models and ways. Both are presented briefly and cover various hot topics such as education, politics, and natural disasters.

Persuasive Text about Education

Let's Make Online Learning a Success

Issue introduction

Online learning is still a big challenge in Indonesia. Not only in terms of inadequate infrastructure. However, in terms of the readiness of all participants and learning organizers. Yes, not all students have a smartphone. Likewise, there may be teachers who do not have smartphones with teachers. However, other problems that must be faced are mental readiness, competence, and sincerity possessed by educators and students.

Series of arguments

Why should we highlight this issue? Because even with the availability of infrastructure and gadgets, this will eventually haunt the online learning process.

Indications and symptoms can be seen in several ways. From the side of students, there are still many who submit opinions or assignments resulting from raw copying of internet sources. In fact, students should still feel that they are learning for their development. So that both in class and directly supervised by the teacher or at home with access to various information from the touch of a finger, students must continue to be serious about learning it on their own without relying on internet content that is not necessarily true.

This does not mean that students should not seek references. Looking for references is a must. Think of various sources on the internet like books. So, equate the quality standards of the articles we choose with books. Do not just choose articles that cannot be accounted for their contents; look for quality ones. The distinguishing indication of a good article is very simple. Just see if the article includes expert citations and reference sources (bibliography) of good books or journals? An example is similar.id website always strengthens and compares the articles it presents with expert opinions from qualified book sources or scientific papers.

Then don't just copy content available on internet sources. Try to at least express your own opinion about the material, answers, or good references that you get from the internet. At least, say it in your own language. Teachers will really appreciate the hard work of their students who study hard. After all, today, it is very easy to check plagiarized content. Many online applications can detect copies of documents or copies from the internet.

Meanwhile, from the educator's perspective, it appears that many teachers are still afraid that what he explains to students cannot be conveyed perfectly through online learning. So, in fact, many teachers give too many assignments. This is actually a very good goal. That is to ensure that students really understand the material presented in the lesson.

But again, this is also another proof that the problem of online learning is not only in terms of infrastructure or facilities. But from the mental readiness of all elements of participants and education providers.

Invitation Statement

Therefore, I again invite all related parties, both in terms of participants and educators, to participate in the success of online learning. When we can succeed, this will carry over and become a new standard of our education as well. This means that online learning can be applied the next day as well to make face-to-face learning more effective.

Blended learning or blended learning is one of the pinnacles of the best learning models today. The success of online learning or PJJ will bring us to the stage of the latest learning model as well. What is blended learning like? We use technology in the classroom as a part of direct learning, not just a learning medium.

Learners will get much more fun learning and absorbs perfectly because of the interesting and informative nature of technology that provides various materials needed in learning. Students can interact directly with the learning materials as well as get direct guidance from the teacher in class in turns.

Meanwhile, educators will also get very significant help from technology to have more time to pay attention to their students one by one. Because all this time, that's as simple as what the teacher wants in the classroom, isn't it? However, this is very difficult to happen without supporting technology such as class management, assignments, and interesting interactive learning modules.

Reaffirmation

Therefore, do not see and live this situation in a negative state. Try trying to get serious about online learning. Even when infrastructure becomes an obstacle, try to continue to work on it in various ways, even though one of the greatest difficulties is financial difficulties. About this, all of us, all elements of learning and education, must work together, regardless of whether it takes the form of abandonment or other efforts.

But again, what I emphasize is our mentality, spirit and nature in carrying out this distance learning. Do it seriously, then the benefits we feel will also be real and not just numbers.

Examples of Political Persuasive Text

Smart choose Leader

Issue Introduction

Indonesia is a country based on democracy in choosing its leader. One of the election mechanisms is through general elections and regional head elections. Who chooses? Of course, we, as the people of Indonesia, determine who our own leader will be.

Therefore, it is an obligation for all of us to know who are the potential leaders who will carry out the aspirations of the people for the nation's progress.

Argument Sequence

How not, both the president and the elected regional heads will at least determine the nation's fate for the next four years. If we do not choose the right, then the impact we also feel.

So how do you choose the right leader? Choose smart. This means that we must choose prospective leaders who have a good background, a proven history of experience, and a vision and mission that is directed and objective for the country's good. In this way, we can ensure that future leaders will bring about big positive changes to the nation's life.

Invitation Statement

Let's choose a leader intelligently and ignore subjective feelings such as just liking it, especially because of the encouragement of others. An objective evaluation is a much better way than just relying on sweet talk or solicitations from other people.

Moreover, the world of politics is a world that is often sweet in the front but bitter and washed away in the back. Choose a leader through effective analysis and assessment by knowing what he has done, what he can do, and what he can bring to the nation's life.

Reaffirmation

Always avoid irresponsible reports that say something surprising about political news. Especially if the sources have taken are social media or news media whose sources are unclear.

Don't just read the title and always compare it with other sources. A hoax can easily dismiss our objective choices as smart voters. As smart voters, we will always evaluate the candidate for leader and the party that carries him. From now on, let's choose wisely.

Examples of Persuasive Texts About Natural Disasters

Beware of Natural Disasters in the Ring of Fire Area

Issue introduction

Indonesia is located in the middle of the equatorial emerald, which provides many advantages. The land here is fertile; almost all the productive crops that the consumer market demands can grow here. However, behind these advantages, some risks must be faced when discussing the geographical location of the archipelago of the Republic of Indonesia.

The territory of our country is also in an area known as the ring of fire or the ring of fire. The Ring of Fire is the area of ​​the epicentre of earthquakes and volcanoes that encircles the Pacific Ocean. Yes, Indonesia is circled by that region. So even though volcanoes provide us with fertile soil, the risk of natural disasters we face is also greater.

Therefore, it is an obligation for all of us, as people in the geographical area of ​​this ring of fire, to always be vigilant and ready to face various natural disasters that are vulnerable to hitting our homes.

Argument Sequence

The considerations involve many different opinions that various parties have actually expressed. Experts from research institutions from various universities and the Indonesian Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency. For example, how the BMK regularly holds information forums on climate and earthquakes.

Even in some areas with a history of earthquake faults that are quite a high risk, they will socialize about anticipating earthquakes and natural disasters to local residents who live in vulnerable zones. For example, in the Lembang and Cimahi areas, West Java, where there is the Lembang fault, an active shear fault and can produce a powerful earthquake.

Entrepreneurs, companies, and other commercial institutions are always asked to comply with security protocols in opening businesses in areas with disaster risk. The trick is to build earthquake-resistant buildings, have disaster gathering areas, and provide various doors, stairs, and other disaster anticipation equipment.

Invitation Statement

It seems very natural that we have to play a role in anticipating the risk of this disaster. The government may have made various efforts to save us, but we must also independently prepare for the unexpected.

Being prepared and responsive to natural disasters is a must for all of us as sailors of the world's ring of fire. We must always be aware of various information and socialization routinely held by the BMKG, try to apply earthquake-resistant buildings if possible, and choose areas that tend to be safer and away from active faults.

Reaffirmation

Once again, literacy on information about natural disasters is our map to explore the ring of fire. Always being prepared, responsive and careful about the risks of natural disasters is one of the equipment of our life in a fertile country but still uncovers the mystery of nature's anger in it.

Example of a short persuasive text about trash

Throw garbage in its place

Issue Introduction

Garbage is an issue that is quite disturbing in Indonesia. It feels like there are still too much small trash scattered around us. Sometimes many people underestimate that small waste without knowing the impact it will cause. No matter how small, trash is trash.

Argument Sequence

Garbage that we throw everywhere will not go away on its own. Especially if the waste is inorganic waste or waste that the soil cannot decompose.

But that does not mean we can throw organic waste anywhere. Degraded trash still won't disappear instantly. Disposing of garbage anywhere still risks inviting unwanted diseases.

Not to mention the direct impact that makes us uncomfortable. The smell will reach our nose as well as throw it away. Before complaining, complain about yourself for not throwing trash in its place.

Invitation Statement

Therefore, throw the garbage in its place. As simple as that, the various negative impacts will be avoided. Appreciate the people who have been instrumental in maintaining cleanliness. They wake up and work much earlier than us, cold, exhausted, because of us littering.

Reaffirmation

Respecting them is the same as we respect ourselves. Because when we litter, we will become dirty like the trash itself. Let's throw garbage in its place and keep it clean.

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