Examples of Fable Stories and Their Structures (Different Types & Themes)

Example fable, this article is written briefly but still follows the structure and rules that must be followed in writing a fable text. Here are some examples of fable texts with various themes and forms such as: short (short), long, adapted, natural, etc.

Short Fable Example

Lion and Mouse

Orientation

Once upon a time, a lion was sleeping in the forest with its big head resting on its paws. Suddenly, a shy little mouse accidentally approached him.

Complications

Frightened and in his haste to escape, he ran across Lion's nose instead.

Waking up from his sleep, the Lion angrily put his big paw on the little creature.

Climax

"Forgive me, O Lion!" asked the poor Mouse.

"Please let me go, and one day I will definitely repay you."

The Lion then burst out laughing because he thought that the Rat couldn't possibly help him.

"What can a creature as small as you do?" said the Lion, laughing. But out of compassion, the Lion finally let go of the Rat.

Resolution

A few days later, while stalking its prey in the forest, the Lion was caught in a hunter's trap. It was unable to free itself and roared with anger. The Mouse immediately recognized the sound and managed to find the Lion trapped in the hunter's net.

The Mouse ran to one of the big ropes that tied him, he gnawed at it until it broke, and immediately the Lion was free.

"You laughed when I said I would return the favor," said the Rat.

"Now you know that even a mouse can help a lion."

coda

No matter how small it is, kindness is still kindness. Even though it seemed as small as a mouse compared to a lion, that kindness would never go to waste.

Example of Adapted Fable

Adapted fables are fables that change the original character of animals in the real world and use human characters or settings as the background. For example, mice have a house and carry out meeting activities like humans. Here is one example.

Meeting of the Rats

Orientation

Once upon a time, the Rats held a meeting at the Tikus village hall to devise a plan to free themselves from their enemy, the Cat. At the very least, they wanted to find a way to know when he would come, so they had time to escape.

Indeed, something had to be done, for they live in such constant fear of their claws that they hardly dare move from their nests day or night.

Conflict

Many plans were discussed, but none of them was considered good enough. Finally, a very young Rat got up and said:

"I have a plan that seems very simple, but I'm sure it will work,"

"All we have to do is hang a little bell around the Cat's neck. When we hear the bells ringing, then we will immediately know that our enemy is coming. "

The villagers of Tikus responded enthusiastically to the idea. The majority of them strongly agree with the brilliant idea.

Climax

All the Rats were really very surprised because none of them had ever thought of such a plan before. But in the midst of rejoicing at their good fortune, an old mouse appeared and asked permission to speak in front of the village hall pulpit.

Resolution

"Apologies in advance, allow me to express my opinion,"

"Actually, I also agree that the young Rat's plan is very good. But let me ask you one question: Who will ring the Cat?"

All the Rats in the meeting now looked at each other and furrowed their brows. They just realized that no one would dare to do it. Because approaching a cat to hang a bell necklace around its neck is tantamount to suicide.

coda

Saying that something should be done is a very good thing. It can be very easy to criticize or submit an idea. However, in practice, to be able to do something and really be able to make a difference is a very difficult thing and should be considered more carefully.

Natural Fable Example

As the name suggests, natural fables give a character like the animals in nature, the settings used are also natural such as forests, rivers, lakes, etc. Here is an example of a natural fable.

Cats & Foxes

Orientation

Once upon a time, a Cat and a Fox were traveling together. On the way, they took the time to prepare supplies on the road. They hunted wild rats here, fat chickens there, which in the end sparked quarrels about their prey.

Conflict

They debated about the rations of supplies, and who hunted more. As usually happens when friends are feuding, the conversation starts to get personal.

"You think you're really smart, don't you, Cat?" said the Fox.

"You want to pretend you know more than me? Don't mess around, and I'm smarter and more cunning than you!"

"Well," replied the Cat, "I admit I only have one skill, but let me tell you, this one skill is far greater than your hundreds of wits!"

Climax

Immediately, nearby, they heard a hunter's trumpet and the barking of a group of dogs. In an instant, the Cat climbed up the tree and hid among the leaves.

"This is what I'm capable of," he cried to the Fox. "Now I want to know, how did your wits get past the hunter and the dog?"

Resolution

As he himself said, the Fox had so many plans to escape. However, unfortunately, it actually made him unable to decide which one to try first.

He dodged here and there with the dogs in tow. He multiplied his tracks, he ran at high speed, he entered a dozen burrows, but all in vain. The dogs caught him and immediately put an end to his boasting and all his deceit.

coda

Many roads lead to Rome, but we will only get there when we stick to one road. One working common sense will always be more valuable than a lot of cunning, lets alone cunning.

Example of a Long Fable

Owl and Grasshopper

Orientation

Owls always sleep during the day. Then after sunset, as the reddish light faded from the sky and the shadows slowly rose through the forest, he emerged trembling and flashing from the hollow old tree.

Shortly after waking up, without complaint and lingering, usually, the Owl will fly and start hunting for its favorite food, namely insects, beetles, frogs, mice, and whatever small animals it finds.

Conflict

However, there are certain Owls who have a bad temper and often get angry as they get older, especially when something interferes with their naps.

One afternoon, while the old Owl was still sleeping in its nest, the nearby Grasshopper started a cheerful but very noisy song. The old Owl's head came out of the hole in the tree that became its nest.

Climax

"Please don't make noise, get out of here, O Grasshopper!" he said to the Grasshopper.

"Don't you have any manners? You should at least respect this old me and let me sleep in peace!"

But the Grasshopper answered simply that he deserved his place there as a fellow forest dweller. In fact, he deliberately sang even louder.

Resolution

The wise old Owl knew very well that there was no point in arguing with the Grasshopper. Besides, his eyes weren't sharp enough in daylight to be able to do anything to the Grasshopper. So he put aside all the Grasshopper's harsh words and instead turned to speak very kindly to him.

"Well, Grasshopper," he said, "if I must stay awake, I will stay to enjoy your singing,"

"For a long time, I felt that your singing turned out to be very melodious,"

"Besides, when you think about it, it's a shame to have to fall asleep on this beautiful afternoon."

"Oh yeah, I also happen to have some leftover grain which you seem to like a lot,"

"I only eat these grains occasionally as a side dish."

"If you want, please stop by my nest and let's enjoy this beautiful afternoon eating these grains with me."

The Grasshopper was mesmerized by the Owl's words of seduction and flattery. He jumped over the Owl's nest, but as soon as he got close enough for the old Owl to see him clearly, he finally pounced on the Grasshopper.

coda

Flattery is not proof of true admiration. Don't let flattery catch you off guard against the enemy.

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Fables: Definition, Structure, Elements, Characteristics, Types & Examples

Definition of Fable

Fables are fictional stories in fairy tales that describe human behavior like animals (Kemdikbud Team, 2017, p. 201). Etymologically, fable comes from the Latin word fabular, which means talking or telling a story. It can also be said that what is a fable is a story about the life of animals that behave like humans, which are closely related to giving moral messages and other noble values ​​(Tim Kemdikbud, 2017, p. 194).

Fable is a type of fiction, meaning it is not based on real life, but still reflects reality. Animal characters in fables are considered to represent human characters and are told to act like humans but still not lose their characters as animals.

Fable Structure

Fable is also a derivative of narrative text, so the structure, characteristics, elements, and linguistic rules have many similarities. However, some special aspects characterize the introduction of story situations (exposition, orientation),

In this section, the author introduces the characters, and the relationships between the characters, to arrange the scenes that will lead them to the plot of events.

1. Orientation, The first part of a fable story usually introduces the character, setting of the place, and time.
2. Complications, part where conflicts or problems between one character and another begin to emerge and move towards the climax or the peak of the conflict.
3. Climax, the peak of the conflict or the most thrilling part of the complications that have occurred.
4. The resolution, is the solution to the problem that has occurred.
5. Coda, an optional part in the form of conclusions and comments on the lessons learned from fables.

Fable Characteristics

According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 199), the characteristics of fables are as follows.

1. Fables take the characters of the animals.
2. The character of the animal characters is described as good and some bad (like human character).
3. Animal characters can talk like humans.
4. Stories have a series of events that show cause-and-effect events. The cause-and-effect sequence is ordered from beginning to end.
5. Fables use natural settings (forests, rivers, ponds, etc.).

Fable Language Rules

Meanwhile, the features or linguistic rules used in fables are as follows.

1. In the text of fable stories, adverbs of place and adverbs of time are usually used together with prepositions. The writing of prepositions is separated from the words that follow, such as: in the forest, it is different from being eaten (not a preposition).
2. Using the articles si and sang as in words the crow or the duck, the article is a kind of determining or limiting word located in front of a noun or adjective. Articles do not have meaning (Kemdikbud, 2017, p. 230).
3. Narrative/event sentences (Frogs come to fish in the rain, ants store food in holes).
4. Direct sentences in the form of dialogue of the characters.
5. Using everyday words (conversational language) in informal situations (Kemdikbud, 2017, p. 199).

Fable Elements

Like other narrative texts, fables also have elements that characterize fable texts. The following elements make fables (Kemdikbud, 2017, p. 200).

1.      Figure

A character (animal) becomes the actor in the story (protagonist, antagonist, main character, or supporting character). The main character traits are: (1) often discussed; (2) appears frequently; and (3) being the center of the story (moving the storyline). Supporting characters are additional characters.

2.      Characterizations

Is giving character to the character. Characters can be protagonists/favorites or antagonists/dislikes. The character's character can be inferred from the physical description, the description of the character's actions, the dialogue of the character, the monologue, or the author's comments/narrative towards the character.

3.      Setting or background

Is the place and time of events and the atmosphere in the story. There are three types of setting, namely setting of the place, setting of time, and social setting.

4.      Theme

It is the idea that underlies the story. The theme can be found from the key sentences expressed by the characters or the conclusion of the overall cause-and-effect events in the story.

5.      Mandate

The message conveyed by the author is indirect. The message is concluded from the writer's attitude towards the problems raised in the story.

Fable Type

If viewed from the character and setting, fable can be divided into:

1.      Natural fable

This type uses the character of animal characters as in real natural conditions. For example, the tortoise was given a sluggish disposition, and the lion was fierce and ferocious. In addition, natural fables use nature as a backdrop (forests, rivers, ponds, etc.).

2.      Adaptation fable

It is a fable that gives character to the character by changing the original character in the real world and using other places as a setting (at home, on the road). For example, a shy hedgehog has a birthday at a restaurant.

Meanwhile, if viewed from the appearance of the message, fables can be divided into:

1.      Fable with coda

Means fable by explicitly appearing or giving the author's message at the end of the story.

2.      Fable without coda

On the other hand, a fable without a coda does not provide an explicit message, or there is no author's message at the end of the story. The reader is left to conclude for himself the message and message contained in the story.

Fable Example

The Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 209) stated that one example of a fable is as follows.

Kind Elephant

Orientation

It was a very hot day in the forest. The residence of the Mouse Deer, Elephant, and others seemed to be on fire. The mouse deer is thirsty. He walked around looking for water.

Complications – Climax

On the way, he saw a pond with very clear water. Without thinking, he immediately plunged into the pool. Kancil's actions were very reckless. He didn't think how he would get up. The mouse deer tried to climb up several times, but he couldn't get to the top.

The mouse deer couldn't do anything. He just screamed for help. The deer's scream was heard by the Elephant, who happened to pass by the place. "Hey, who's in that pool?"

"I... the mouse deer is your best friend." The mouse deer was silent for a moment looking for a reason so that the Elephant would help him.

"Help me lift this fish."

"Really, you got fish?"

'Right..true! I got a very big fish."

The Elephant thought for a moment. It could be that it goes down easily, but what if it goes up later. "You want to use me, huh, Cil? You will deceive me for your own sake and safety?" Ask the Elephant.

Kancil was silent.

"Sometimes you have to be taught a lesson," said the Elephant as he left the place.

The Elephant did not listen to the Kancil's scream. Kancil began to despair. The longer he was in that place, and the mouse deer began to feel cold. Until late afternoon no animal heard his screams.

"Oh bad! I'm really going to be stiff in this place." He thinks it is this karma as he often pranks his friends.

Resolution

Not long, suddenly, the Elephant appeared again. Kancil asked for help back.

"How's Ciel?"

"Help me. I promise I won't be pranking again" "Promise?" Elephant stressed.

"Now, are you awake? And will promise not to cheat, ignorant, pranks and actions that harm other animals?"

"That's right, Mr. Elephant, I really promise."

The Elephant stretched out its long trunk to catch the mouse deer and lifted it up. As soon as he was above, the mouse deer said.

"Thank you, Mr. Elephant! I will never forget your kindness."

coda

Since then, Mouse Deer has become a very good animal. He no longer acts as he had done to bears and other animals. Indeed, we must be careful when we act. If you're not careful, you'll get hurt. If we are careful, we will be safe. It can even save other people.

Examples of fables and their structures with various types and other themes can be seen in the link below:

Read also: Examples of Fable Stories and Their Structures (VariousTypes and Themes)

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Biographical Text: Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Types, Rules & Examples

Definition of Biography Text

A biographical text is a person's biography that presents the life history, experiences, and success stories of the person being reviewed (Kemdikbud Team, 2017, p. 209). Of course, biographies are usually written by someone else. Generally, biographies discuss famous figures, successful people, or someone who plays a big role in something that concerns people's lives.

The statement above is also in line with the opinion of Sukirno (2016, p. 55), which states that a biographical text is writing that tells or tells the life of a person or other people.

Characteristics of Biographical Text

The Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2016, pp. 209-210) stated that the characteristics of a biographical text are as follows.

1. The biographical text must contain fact-based information on the characters told in narrative form.
2. It contains a fact of the life experience of a character in solving problems until it is finally successful, so it should be an example.
3. The biographical text has a clear structure and does not vary because it tries to reveal the facts experienced by the characters being reviewed.

Biography Text Structure

Judging from the structure, the biographical text still has similarities with the narrative text. It's just that the needs of parts of the structure are quite different, for example, how conflict and climax are not needed here. The following is the structure of the biographical text according to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 215).

1.      Orientation or settings (aim)

Contains information about the background of the story or event to help the reader understand the context needed in the next section. The information in question includes: when, where, who, and how.

2.      Important events (important events, records of events)

It is a series of events arranged chronologically (in order of time). The events presented include the main events experienced by the characters. The narrator's comments on some parts can also be included in this section.

3.      Reorientation

contains evaluative comments or concluding statements regarding the orientation and series of events told previously. This section may or may not be present in the biographical text, depending on the author's style.

Biographical Text Language Rules

The linguistic elements of the biographical text use several dominant linguistic rules. According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 235), the linguistic characteristics include several pounds below.

1. Many use pronouns or third-person singular pronouns. This pronoun is used in various ways by mentioning a character's name or a character's nickname. For example, he, he, the child of cassava, the genius from Papua, the father of computers.
2. It uses action verbs to describe various events or actions that have been carried out by the character being reviewed. For example: studying, reading, walking, throwing.
3. Often uses adjectives or adjectives to provide detailed information about character traits. Example: Adjectives describing character traits: polite, diligent, tenacious. Often, these adjectives are preceded by a copulative such as: is, is.
4. Many use passive verbs to describe events experienced by characters as the story's subject. For example: selected, assigned, given.
5. Using verbs related to mental activity to describe the role of characters, for example: inspire, approve, understand, love.
6. Often use conjunctions, prepositions, or nouns related to time order. Examples include: next, before, already, at the time, then, until, until, next, on the date, during, then.

Biographical Text Analysis

Like other texts, various aspects can be analyzed from biographical texts, including structure, elements, linguistic rules, which have been discussed in this article above. However, usually, the main aspect in the analysis of biographical texts is the character's superior character.

To find the character's superior character, it can be done by identifying what events/problems a person is experiencing and how to deal with all of them.

In addition, it can also be identified by knowing how to describe the character first. There are two ways of depicting superior characters, namely as follows.

1. Directly, the writer or narrator mentions the characters.
2. Indirectly, through character dialogues and other characters' dialogues, and what other characters do,

Biography Text Type

The Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2016, p. 231) The types of biographical texts can be divided into four types. The following is an explanation.

Based on the author's side

1.      Autobiography is a life story written by the character himself. 

2.      Biography story or story of a character in his life written by someone else.

Based on the contents

1.      Life journey biography

It contains a complete life journey of a character or is taken from parts that are considered to have an impression.

2.      Career running biography

It contains a character's career path starting from the beginning to the current career, or it could be a career journey to achieve a certain success.

Based on the issues discussed

1.      Political biography

They are writing the life story of a country's figure from a political point of view. This kind of biography gets material from a collection of various researches. However, political biographies usually cannot be separated from the requirements of the interests of the author or character who are asked to be written.

2.      Intellectual biography

A biography is a collection of materials obtained from various researches. The writing is also poured in a scientific language style.

3.      Journalistic biography

A biography whose writing is obtained from the results of interviews and other press procedures with the character to be written or the character who becomes a reference as supporting material for the story.

By publisher

1.      Own book

Production costs starting from writing, printing, and marketing are borne by themselves, although the publisher still produces them. This biographical writing usually aims to sell well in the market or get public attention.

2.      Subsidy book

Writing biographies of figures whose production costs are borne by the sponsor. Usually, the consideration is because biographies like this are less commercial (hard to sell).

Biography Text Function

Zulfikar (2012, p.42) says there are several functions in writing biographical texts, including:

1. Tell the life experiences of the characters,
2. Take the wisdom of exemplary and wisdom of the characters told,
3. A means of reflecting on the character's life experiences,
4. Document history,
5. Create a positive image for the character being reviewed,
6. Legitimize the power and thought of the character.

Benefits of Biography Text

Sukirno (2016, p. 55) argues that the benefits of biographical texts are as follows.

1. Get to know someone's life story for others to know.
2. Get various information about the characters written.
3. Inspire the experiences of life stories of characters in biographies.

Sample Biography Text

According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 215), the following is an example of a biographical text.

BJ Habibie's Biography Text and Its Structure

Orientation

BJ Habibie is a role model and a source of pride for many people in Indonesia. He is the third President of the Republic of Indonesia. His full name and title are Prof. DR (HC). Ing. Dr. Sc. multi. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie. He was born in Pare-Pare, South Sulawesi, on June 25, 1936. He is the fourth of eight children, Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie and RA. Tuti Marini Puspowardojo. Habibie married Hasri Ainun Habibie on May 12, 1962 and they have two sons, Ilham Akbar and Thareq Kemal.

Important Events (Important Events)

Habibi has been orphaned since his father died on September 3, 1950, of a heart attack. After his father died, his mother sold his house and vehicle and moved to Bandung with his children. His mother worked hard to support the lives of her children.

In Indonesia, Habibie was Minister of State for Research and Technology/Head of BPPT for 20 years, chairman of the Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals Association (ICMI), led a strategic BUMN company, was elected vice president of the Republic of Indonesia, and became the 3rd President of Indonesia after Suharto stepped down in 1998. During his tenure with Habibie, there was a referendum in East Timor until finally, East Timor separated itself from Indonesia. In his short tenure, BJ Habibie has laid the foundation for democratic life and regional unity in Indonesia by passing the law on regional autonomy and the law on political parties, the law on elections, and the law on the composition of the positions of the DPR/MPR.

reorientation

Descending as President, Habibie returned to Germany with his family. In 2010, Ainun died of cancer. As a therapy for the loss of a loved one, Habibie wrote about a love story with Ainun, which was later recorded under the title "Ainun and Habibie." This book was filmed with the same title.

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Hikayat Text (Folk Stories): Definition, Structure, Examples, etc.

Definition of Saga

Hikayat is a classic Malay story that features elements of storytelling characterized by the impossibility and magic of the characters. (MoEC Team, 2017, p. 107). The story contains a lot of culture, morals, and other life values, so we can take lessons as a mirror of our lives.

Meanwhile, Sudjiman (2006, p. 34) argues that a saga is a fictional story in literature. Old Malay describes majesty and heroism, sometimes full of meaning from historical stories or life history.

In addition, Hav a (Pertiwi, 2009, p. 46) etymologically, the word "Hikayat" is derived from the Arabic "Hikayat," which means "story," "Stories," "fairy tales." "Hikayat" itself in Arabic comes from the form of the verb "Haka," which means to tell, to say something to someone else.

It can be concluded that saga is a classic Malay fiction story that tells the history of a great or powerful figure with a role model so that various positive values ​​can be learned as a reflection of our lives.

Folklore

For the record, the saga is one type of folklore. Therefore, it helps us to know what folklore is. Folklore or various stories or stories that are told orally and passed down from generation to generation in a certain region or country.

There are various types of folklore. However, all of them have similarities that overshadow them, namely anonymous, which means it is not clear who the author is, then always accompanied by themes that are influenced by local culture and the background of a particular region.

Characteristics of Saga Text

Hikayat is a narrative text that is quite different from the others. Therefore, the saga has strong characteristics that distinguish it. The characteristics of the saga, according to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 199), include the following points.

1.      Impossibility

This means that in the saga, there are many things that are illogical or unreasonable, including in terms of language and stories. For example, a baby is born with a sword and arrow, and a daughter comes out of a drum, etc.

2.      Magic

It means that the characters in the saga have supernatural powers that ordinary humans cannot do, such as: transforming into an animal, being able to destroy buildings with just the snap of a finger, etc.

3.      Anonymous

It means that it is not clear who the author or narrator is because the saga is told orally and from generation to generation.

4.      Centric Palace

Tales are always themed and set in a kingdom.

Characteristics of Saga Text

Based on the various explanations and opinions above, it can be concluded that the characteristics of the saga can also include the following points.

1. It is a reflection of the reality of local people's life (folklore).
2. Since basically what the author expresses is conveyed by telling, narrating, and storytelling, the type of essay used is narrative.
3. Based on the element of "story" or "fairy tale," the saga has the impression of being fictitious or fictional.
4. The story is generally motivated by miracles and supernatural powers.
5. The contents of the saga generally reveal the lives of big figures such as the king and his family, heroes, or someone who is powerful and has an influence on the wider community.

Saga Text Structure

In general, the structure of the saga text is still the same as the narrative text. Here are some of those structures.

1.      Orientation

It is an introduction to the setting, characters, and stories in terms of time, place, and events. Orientation also usually arranges various scenes and explains the relationships between characters.

2.      Complications

The part where the conflict starts to emerge. Conflict is a contradiction or difficulty experienced by the main character in the saga. This section will gradually continue to grow until it finally culminates in the climax.

3.      Resolution

It is a resolution of various conflicts that occur. The resolution can also be accompanied by a coda or conclusion and the final message of the conditions experienced by the main character.

Saga Text Language Rules

In terms of language, the saga has a special characteristic, namely using classical Malay, which is characterized by the use of many connecting words and archaic words. In addition, because saga is still a narrative text, the characteristics of the same language also overshadow it, covering several points below.

1. Using pronouns and people's names as a narrative point of view: I, they, he.
2. The use of words that perceive the senses to describe the setting (place, time, atmosphere), examples of setting: The kingdom is very majestic, the land is fertile so that the people prosper. Gold and diamonds were scattered on the walls of the palace, and the granaries of the people were always filled.
3. Using a choice of words with figurative meanings and special meanings, for example, towering, beheading.
4. Many use chronological conjunctions: then, meanwhile, at the same time, suddenly, when, before.
5. The use of chronological conjunctions to indicate the arrival of another character or a change in setting, both in the setting of the atmosphere, time, and place, for example, Two years later, the Prince came home with his promise. Finally, the Sultan was able to bless him as his son-in-law.

Example of Story Text

According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 141), an example of a saga text is as follows.

The Story of the Poor

This is a saga of people long ago when God showed His wealth to His servants. So a poor man's wife walks in search of his sustenance around the country in the middle of nowhere. The name of the king in that country is Maharaja Indra Dewa. His name is too big his king's kingdom. Some of the kings in the land of the Gods submitted to him and paid tribute to him every year.

Hatta, then one day his king was busy being faced by all the kings, ministers, commanders, all the people in front of him. So the poor came to the front. After being seen by many people, the poor man is a man whose cloth looks like being cuddled by a dog. So the crowd was full of laughter, and he took wood and stones. So the poor man was thrown, and his body was swollen and bleeding. So his whole body was covered with blood. So people were excited. Then the king ordered, "What is the uproar outside that?". Worship all the kings "O my lord Syah Alam, people throw the poor my lord." Then the king ordered, "Tell him to drive away!". So the people expelled the poor until they came to the edge of the forest. So the crowds returned. So it's night. So the king went into his palace. So all the kings and ministers, the heads of the people, and even then each returned to his house.

As for the poor, at night, he too sleeps in the forest. Afternoon, he went into the country looking for the risk. So when it comes close to the village of people. When the person who owns the village sees him, he then expelled with wood. So the poor ran away. He then went to the market. So when the market people saw the poor coming, each one of them came, some throwing stones, some hammering with wood. So the poor man ran helter-skelter, his body covered in blood. So he wept and cried all the way with his hunger pangs of thirst as if he was going to die. So he also met a place where people throw garbage. So it stops there. So he searched for things that were buried in the garbage that he could eat. So he found the stale ketupat that the market people threw away with a sugarcane book and ate the diamond, which was a man and his wife. After he had eaten the ketupat, then he ate the sugarcane book. So it's a little fresh for his body because he hasn't tasted rice for a long time.

It feels like dying. He wanted to ask the house of the afraid. Don't even give people something, and they can't even go close to that person's house. That's how the poor every day.

Hatta, then the day is evening. So the poor walked into the forest where he used to be. That's where he sleeps. So he swept away the blood that was on his body so that it could not come out because the blood had dried up. So the poor fell asleep in the forest. After the morning, the poor said to his wife, "O my lord, my feeling is dead. It hurts my body so much. Then there is no power anymore. It feels like this member of mine is destroyed." So he wept bitterly. So his wife's heart was too compassionate to see her husband's behavior like that. So he also wept as he took a leaf of wood and then cuddled. So she wiped her husband's entire body while he said, "Shut up, sir, don't cry."

So as for this, as for the poor, it is originally from the king of the senses. Then he was sworn in by Batara Indra, so he was like that. So her husband was also a little refreshed. After that, her husband went into the forest looking for a young ambat that he should eat. So he brought it to his wife. So that's the man's wife.

After a while, the poor man's wife was pregnant for three months. So his wife wept to eat the fruit of the fruit that was in the king's garden. So her husband was touched when he in Sensation became king. He did not want to have children. So now it's bad. Then he was about to give birth and said to his wife, "Come on, O Adinda. Sir, you want to kill your brother, apparently this. Don't you know about our past? Let alone asking for something, almost to the village people are not allowed."

When his wife heard what her husband said, she cried even more. So her husband said, "Shut up, sir, don't cry! Give your brother to go look for the master of the fruit of mempelam, if you can get the fruit of the mother of my brother, give it to the master."

So his wife was silent. So her husband also went to the market looking for the mempelam fruit. After arriving at the person selling the mempelam fruit, the poor man stopped there. He had to be asked, afraid that he would be hammered by people. So said the person who was selling fruit mempelam, "Hi poor. What is your will?"

So said the poor, "If there is mercy and pity, the fiber of your womb will the servant of the poor, I ask for the one that has been wasted. I want to ask for the rotten fruit of the lord's mempelam, only one seed, sir."

So the people of the market were too merciful to hear the poor man's words. Like his heart was broken. So someone gave mepelam fruit, someone gave rice, someone gave cloth, and someone gave fruit. So the poor man was surprised at himself because the market people were given various kinds of gifts. As for the past, let alone giving something, it is almost impossible. After that, he threw it with wood and stones. After he had thought that in his heart, then he returned to the forest to find his wife.

Then he said, "Here, sir, is the fruit of the fruit and all the fruit and food and clothing. Even then, he stepped on his wife while telling the story when he was in the market. So his wife wept, not wanting to eat unless it was the fruit of the fruit that was in the king's garden. "Let me die once."

So his husband was too annoyed to see his wife's behavior like someone who was about to die. It seems that there is no power anymore. So her husband went to the Maharaja Indera Dewa. So the king was in the presence of all the kings. So the Poor came. Then go inside once. Then the king ordered, "O poor, what do you want?" So said the poor, "There is also my lord." Then he prostrated his head and placed it on the ground, "My lord pardon, thousands of pardons, my lord. If there is, then Syah Alam will obey, the servant of this lowly person should ask for the leaves of the Syah Alam, who have fallen to the earth, perhaps my lord.

Then the king commanded, "What do you want to do with the mempelam leaf?" So worship the poor, "To be eaten, my lord." So the king ordered, "Take a sprig and give it to this poor man."

So people took it and gave it to the poor. So the poor took it while worshiping the king. Then out he walked back. After that, the king went into his palace. So all the kings and ministers of the people and even then each returned to his house. So the poor came to his place. After being seen by his wife, her husband came with a sprig of fruit. So he laughed. He greeted him and ate it.

So that is three months. So he also wept to eat the jackfruit in the king's garden too. So the poor man also went and begged the king. So he also bowed down to the king. So the king said, "What do you want, poor man?"

So said the poor, "O my lord, forgive a thousand pardons." He said, prostrating his head and placing it on the ground. He replied, also said, "This servant is a poor person. I asked for a jackfruit leaf that fell to the earth, one piece. Then the king ordered, "Hi Poor, what do you want to do with jackfruit leaves? Okay, I'll give you a piece of fruit." So it was given to the poor. So he bowed down and begged to get his wife back.

So he arrived. After being seen by his wife, her husband came, so he welcomed the jackfruit. Then his wife ate it. As long as the poor wife is pregnant, she eats a lot of food and cloth and rice, and all the utensils that people give her.

Hatta, then with this, the month will be fulfilled. So at the good time and the perfect time on the night of the fourteen lunar days. So the moon was bright. So at that time, the poor man's wife gave birth to a son who was very good in appearance and beautiful in appearance. So he named his son Markaromah which means child in trouble. So he took care of his son—so too much love for the child. No one can get a divorce at any time with his son Markaromah.

Hatta, then by the destiny of Allah SWT., he bestowed upon his servant. So the poor man dug the ground to make a place for the three children. So he dug up the ground to build the slate pillar. So they dug into a large canyon containing too much gold. So his wife came to see the gold. As she said to her husband, "As for this gold, it will reach our children and grandchildren, even if it is not spent on shopping."

Continue reading Hikayat Text (Folk Stories): Definition, Structure, Examples, etc.

Book Reviews & Other Works; Definition, Structure, Method, etc.

Definition of Review

A review considers whether a work is good or bad that must be done objectively, following the quality of the book's content (Tim Kemdikbud, 2017, p. 205). The reviewer's job is to give the reader an idea of ​​whether a work is worth reading or not.

In line with the opinion above, Dalman (2015, p. 165) suggests that a review text is a term used to judge whether a book is good or not. It should be noted that both (good and bad) must exist in order for the review to become a constructive criticism. That is, the reviewer is not just an opinion of scorn or praise subjectively without contributing anything.

Is it only books that can be reviewed? No, the reviewer review, judgment, or discussion about work, be it a book, film, or other work as stated by Fanani (2016, p. 70) that a review is an assessment of the object of the reviewer which can be a book, film, music, or other work of art.

Meanwhile, from an etymological point of view, Mursidi (2016, p. 50) states that the word reviewer comes from the Latin, namely revere or reviewer, which means to look back, weigh or judge.

So it can be said that what a review is is giving an assessment, discussing, re-exposing to criticizing a book, or other review objects such as films, music, dramas, etc.

Difference between Review and Synopsis

Revealing what is presented by the book is also called a synopsis. So, if there is a question what is the difference between a review and a synopsis, it is very easy to answer; the reviewer re-expresses the contents of the book to judge it, while the synopsis reveals it only (doesn't rate it).

 

review	Synopsis
Reveal what is presented in the book to judge it Reviews usually tell the truth, without being embellished to attract the attention of potential buyers. Sometimes, if needed, a reviewer will tell you about "something" that will spoil the experience of a potential reader if they find out (spoiler).	Only reveal what is presented in the book, not to be judged. Synopsis is usually spiced up to make potential buyers curious to be interested in buying a book or work. The synopsis will not reveal an important plot that will spoil the reader/viewer experience if they find out (will not include spoilers).

 

Review Structure

What is the review structure like? Actually, it's as simple as:

1. work identity,
2. orientation (introduction),
3. review core,
4. analysis (excellence of work),
5. evaluation (lack of work),
6. Closing

However, reviews usually have a format that divides each part of the structure into different subtitles. This makes the reviewer have a taxonomy or order of arrangement like a scientific paper.

Therefore, the structure in the review is more often referred to as systematics or review elements. Here is the explanation.

Review Systematics (Elements)

According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, pp. 205; Samad, 2008, p. 78), the elements or systematic reviews of them are as follows.

1.      Review title

a good title will be made to attract and animate the work reviewed; there is a close relationship with the work reviewed.

2.      The identity of the book (or other work) being reviewed

Various information about the work being reviewed, for example, if it is a book, includes book title, author, publisher, year of publication (including printed version), the thickness of the book, price.

3.      Introduction (introducing the author, the purpose of the author of the book, etc.)

It can contain the introduction of the author or creator of the work, exhibiting the author's uniqueness, the main uniqueness of the work, the publisher/other related parties, impressions, general questions, opening dialogues, etc.

4.      Contents of the review

synopsis, formulation of the framework or elements of the reviewed object, language/design review, error checking, etc.

5.      The advantages of the book (work)

As the name suggests, analyze what advantages a book or work has.

6.      Lack of books (works)

Reveal the deficiencies found and, if needed, suggestions to make it better.

7.      Closing

contains the final statement of the reviewer of the book, such as stating who the reviewed work is more suitable for, etc.

Review Language

Like other texts, reviews have distinctive linguistic features or rules that distinguish them from other types of texts. In the Indonesian book for SMA class XI, the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 223), the language features of the reviewer are as follows.

1. Many use descriptive conjunctions, such as: namely, that is, that.
2. Tend to use temporal conjunctions: since, since the end, then.
3. Many use conjunctions causeaban: cause, because.
4. It uses statements in the form of suggestions or recommendations at the end of the text. It is marked by the words: should, should, should not.

How to Make a Review

Of course, to make a review, we must master the book or work to be reviewed. The trick is to read or appreciate it carefully first. To produce a good review, the reviewer must use appropriate and effective measures. According to Dalman (2015, p. 174), the steps for writing a good review are as follows.

1. An assessment or introduction to the book to be reviewed. It can be in the form of pre-research, finding out information about the author or creator of the work, publisher, etc.
2. Read a book or appreciate the work that will be reviewed comprehensively, carefully, and thoroughly.
3. Mark the parts of a book or work that are of particular concern and determine the passages cited to be used as data.
4. Make a synopsis or summary of the reviewed book (make a description for other types of work).
5. Determining attitudes and assessing matters relating to the organization of writing, the weight of ideas, aspects of language, and technical aspects.

Book Review Example

According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 208), the following is an example of a knowledge book review and its elements/systematics/structure (with adjustments).

Review Title

Easy Writing Without Needing Talent

Book Identity

Title                             : So that writing can be easy

Author                         : Andrias Harefa

Publisher                     : PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama

Publication Year         : 2002

Page                            : i-xi + 103 pages

introduction

Writing activity is often associated with one's talent. In fact, not always talent can make writing activities as smooth and easy as we imagine. Experts repeatedly state that writing is a basic lesson that we have learned since we were in elementary school and even in kindergarten. In other words, writing is an elementary school skill. However, often when we want to express our ideas in written form, something called "talent" always becomes a kind of "scapegoat" who must be ready to be blamed.

Contents Review

Writing is not an easy job. However, it is also not a difficult thing if there is a commitment, a promise to yourself, of course, if the commitment is intended to be really kept. Commitment is another keyword to make the writing and composing process easier. That commitment was a promise to me that I would become a writer. So, writing does not need talent because talent is nothing more than "interest and ambition that is constantly growing."

Book Advantage

This book uses simple language that is easy to digest. The various ways or steps in writing are also relatively easy to follow. Even so, this book still has an in-depth discussion in writing.

Lack of Books

The author does not discuss various techniques that are known to be effective in helping someone in writing. Maybe this was done to make the book lighter. However, it is still very unfortunate that various techniques and general knowledge of writing are not elaborated to complement the "easiness" of the book.

cover

So, if "talent" means that everything requires talent, not only in writing. The problem then, how to keep this ambition maintained for a long time? The answer is "commitment to yourself."

Continue reading Book Reviews & Other Works; Definition, Structure, Method, etc.