Example of Historical Story Text and its Structure (Various Themes)

An Example historical story text in this article is written briefly but concisely and applies the appropriate rules and structures. Here are some examples of historical texts in various types and topics, such as non-fiction historical texts, historical fiction, and historical texts of the Borobudur temple.

Examples of Non-Fiction History Texts

The example below is a history based on events that have occurred but are packaged through a narrative text in the form of a non-fiction historical story.

Malacca Kingdom Defeat

Introduction

Malacca is one of the very large and bustling centres of the spice trade in Asia. Trading ships from Gujarat, Bengali, Persian and other countries came to Malacca to trade. This made the Malacca kingdom more prosperous and growing.

However, this also causes other countries to be interested in the potential that can be generated by the Malacca trade route. One of the interesting countries is Portugal. So the Portuguese planned and carried out a sea expedition to Malacca.

Event Disclosure (contains: conflicts & complications)

Conflict

The arrival of the Portuguese to the Malacca region immediately aroused the suspicion of the people of Malacca. This is because they come in droves on behalf of their country, not on behalf of individuals like other traders. Traders can't bring a fleet as big and solid as that to carry out buying and selling transactions on the archipelago land.

The ships that arrived were not random ships, let alone merchant ships. The ship they brought to the Malacca officers was a warship equipped with large cannons ready to be fired at any time.

The Portuguese fleet that arrived in the waters of Malacca for the first time was led by Diego Lopez de Sequeira. They came with an excuse to trade, and even their leaders came to ask permission from Sultan Mahmud Shah. But the request was rejected because the people and Sultan Mahmud Syah had known the true purpose of the Portuguese. Namely, to control trade routes in the waters of Malacca.

Complications

Finally, the suspicious people of Malacca immediately attacked the Portuguese fleet. Later, the attack was used as an excuse by Albuquerque, the leader of the Portuguese troops, to launch a counterattack. The war lasted quite a long time, was very powerful and claimed many victims on both sides.

Closing

Battle after battle was passed, and in the end, the Kingdom of Malacca was unable to withstand the Portuguese attacks that were a barrage of attacks. Unfortunately, the kingdom and the people of Malacca could not move because they had to face much more modern Portuguese weaponry.

In the end, Malacca was conquered by the Portuguese in 1511. The Sultan of Malacca was forced to flee to Bintan Island. Even so, the resistance of the people of Malacca did not stop there. People's resistance continues, although on a small scale and only local.

Example of Fiction Historical Story Text

Jaka Tingkir is a real character who exists in history but is often associated with various fantasy stories. It is said that Jaka Tingkir has magic in the form of magical powers that most other knights cannot do.

The following is an example of a fictional historical text based on the character Jaka Tingkir.

Tingkir's Lineage

Borobudur hill looks cheaper than usual. On the side of the road, there was the figure of a young man who was walking towards the path. Local residents usually use the path that will take him to the river to wash and clean themselves.

The young man looked gloomy, too, wearing a sash that supported a small dagger and a dagger on his back. The young man's small footsteps finally led him to the bank of his destination. He then quickly took off his shoes, sat on a rock, and plunged his feet into the ripples of the river water.

Conflict

However, unbeknownst to him, two strangers have been following him since he passed the Borobudur hill. The two of them seemed to be sneaking around and watching every move the gloomy young manmade. They are both Arya Penangsang and Ken Arok, envoys from the kingdom.

They were both assigned to follow suspicious people who had just set foot on the land of Java. When the young man was removing his waist belt and knightly armour, the two suspicious people reacted quickly.

Climax/Complications

"Heirlooms and amulets are being released, and I think this is our chance to share", he whispered. Arya Penangsang only replied with a nod of his head. Before long, they both ran and tried to pounce on the young man with a deadly spell. However, suddenly lightning struck, and they both bounced far back.

"What is this lesson?" Arya Penangsang asked while enduring the pain. "No way," replied Ken Arok. "He is able to issue magic without amulets, let alone heirlooms," Arya Penangsang was amazed. "Does the legend say he is ...". "Yes, there's no mistaking it, he must be a sacred bloodline." "But whose descendants are you?" Ken Arok asked again. "Thunderbolt that big, only the descendants of Jaka Tingkir's magic can bring it out".

Closing

They both decided to run away from the young man without further ado. The young man turned out to be the blood of a sacred descendant of Jaka Tingkir. They both managed to escape and brought news of the whereabouts of the Jaka Tingkir lineage to the kingdom. It can be guessed that this attack was not the final effort to conquer all the sacred lineages by Majapahit.

Sample Text of the History of Borobudur Temple

The Head Behind the Magnificence of Borobudur

Introduction

Borobudur Temple is one of the largest heritage buildings of the archipelago that still survives today. This temple is a relic of the Syailendra Dynasty that can be traced to the largest kingdoms in the archipelago.

The majesty of Borobudur Temple certainly cannot be separated from the greatness of the archipelago in the past. Many people, including experts, cannot understand how humans could have built such a magnificent building in the past. The thought of building it in the present is difficult.

Event Disclosure (contains: conflicts & complications)

Conflict

Borobudur Temple is thought to have been initiated in the 9th century when the area was ruled by the Syailendra dynasty led by Maharaja Samaratungga. The king ordered an architect named Gunadharma to build a magnificent temple whose beauty would not be matched.

However, the construction process did not run smoothly. The big project was running in a hiccup, probably due to its very high level of difficulty. In addition, there were various internal conflicts within the dynasty.

Complications

There had been a split between the Hindu Syailendra dynasty family and his family, who later converted to Buddhism. The king's succession and political upheaval in the kingdom also occurred because of this problem. Fortunately, however, the split only lasted briefly. In the end, the two can coexist to rule the kingdom simultaneously.

Closing

The construction of the Borobudur temple was finally able to continue even though Samaratungga was no longer in power in the Syailendra dynasty. After 50 to 70 years later, finally, the magnificent building of the Borobudur temple can be completed. Although unfortunately, Gunadharma, the architect himself, could not see the final result.

Continue reading Example of Historical Story Text and its Structure (Various Themes)

Historical Story Text: Definition, Structure, Values, Rules, Etc.

Definition of Historical Story Text

The definition of historical narrative text is an imaginary story written with a historical character or setting that actually happened. Although imaginative, this text still contains factual history but is only used for background and some other elements.

Basically, almost all prose or novels can contain historical value if the writing style used is realist style. However, the historical content will not be as strong as the historical narrative text. In order to eliminate the ambiguity that is prone to occur, we must also understand what historical texts are.

History Text

Historical texts are writings that contain stories, events or events that actually happened or took place in the past. The difference is very clear that historical texts are not imaginary stories but can be conveyed through a non-fiction prose writing style or still told through a writing style Literature.

Of course, especially for this one text, we must first understand what history is meant first. Here is the explanation.

History

Etymologically history comes from the word "syajaratun" (read: syajarah) in Arabic, which means wood tree. The meaning of the tree in question is referring to describing the tree growing from the ground up, branching, growing branches, leaves, to flowers and even fruit. The word history holds the meaning of growth or events (Yamin, 1958, p.4).

Meanwhile, in English, history is called history. History comes from the Greek, namely historia, which means what is known because of investigation. So that it can be interpreted that history is knowledge related to various events that occur in society through the process of investigation.

Through the origin of the word's meaning above, we can find out that history involves a series of processes of occurrence of knowledge through investigation or research. Thus, history is a track record of events taken based on facts that have occurred.

Understanding Historical Novels

Meanwhile, historical novels mean the writing of imagination or prose fiction with characters and/or historical events as a background written using a novel style, which is discussed at length and in detail. Although it does not actually record real events or figures, the historical basis is there.

How is it different from historical narrative texts? Text is a generic term. It could be referring to short stories, novelet, or even drama scenarios.

It should be reiterated that although the stories in historical novels are imaginary stories, the setting is rich in real history that happened. For example, how Pramoedya Ananta Toer wrote the historical novel "Bumi Manusia". What is the historical setting contained in the novel? For example, Indonesia used to be the Dutch East Indies, and that government really did exist in the past.

The novel also contains the story of the cruelty of Dutch colonialism. It also tells about human rights violations, court injustice against indigenous people, traditional Indonesian values, etc. Even though they are not recorded facts, these stories can be traced to the truth through history.

It can be concluded that historical novels are novels in which there are explanations and stories about the facts of past events whose background has historical value but is presented based on the author's imagination.

Difference Between Historical Text and Historical Novel

In conclusion, historical texts are facts, while story texts and historical novels are imaginations over facts. Meanwhile, the following is a comparative analysis of the differences between historical novels and historical texts.

No.	History Text	Historical novel
1.	Required to present factual things that really exist and have happened.	Free to describe something that never existed.
2.	Historians are obliged to convey something as it is, according to reality, it should not be contrived or added.	Novelists are completely free to create according to their imagination about what, when, who, and where, but still have a relationship with historical situations or figures.
3.	The relationship between facts needs to be reconstructed, at least involving topography or chronology.	The author's imagination and ability to create is what makes the story a coherence that has a relationship with historical situations.
4.	Historians must be able to prove that what is presented in the present can be traced to its existence in the past.	Not tied to historical facts completely, especially for what, who, when and where, no need for evidence or witnesses like historical texts.
5.	Historians are bound by the facts of what, who, when, and where The actors, the relationship between actors, conditions, life situations, and social conditions universally must be in accordance with the reality that is happening.	Actors or characters, relationships, situations, and conditions of society can come from imagination which only has relevance to history.

 (MoEC, 2017, p. 51)

Historical novels are categorized as re-novel or re-novel. There are three types of novels, namely:

1. Personal account, which contains the author's involvement in the event directly.
2. Factual accounts contain factual events, scientific experiments, news journals, police records, etc.
3. Imaginative recounts contain factual stories but are reimagined into more detailed and interesting stories.

Of course, historical novels are included in imaginative recounts. Where history is only the basis for the various building elements of the novel. Therefore, apart from enjoying the story, it is very important for us to be able to get what information is really factual and what is imaginary from this kind of novel.

Historical Novel Values

Historical novels contain many values ​​that are presented implicitly (directly) and implicitly (indirectly). Most of the values ​​generated are still following today's life or can be a lesson in this era. Here are the values ​​that can be present in historical novels.

1. Culture value
2. Moral/Ethical Values
3. Religious Value
4. Social Value
5. Aesthetic Value/Beauty

Determining Interesting Things from Historical Novels

The interest in historical novels will generate a variety of questions that are fun to discuss. Because we will continue to be made curious by the events and events that are in it.

Has such an incident ever happened? Where? Is this awesome character real? Historical novels will continue to tickle our curiosity. In addition to entertaining, this type of novel will also enrich our knowledge of history, which can be useful lessons for us to face the future.

Determining the interesting things from historical novels can be done in the following ways:

1. When is the setting and time of the story in the historical novel?
2. Where is the setting of the historical novel?
3. What events are narrated?
4. Who are the characters?
5. Which part indicates that the novel is a historical novel? (separate between fact and imagination)

Historical Story Text Structure

Like other stories (novels, short stories, etc.), historical story texts are included in the retelling category. Thus, both historical narrative texts and novels have the same text structure: orientation, disclosure of events, conflicts, complications, evaluations, and coda. The following is the structure of the historical story text according to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 43).

1.      Introduction to story situations (orientation, exposition)

In this section, the author introduces the background of the time, place, and location and the beginning of the incident or event. Characters and relationships between characters are also introduced to suit their needs.

2.      Event disclosure

This section reveals the initial events or events that have the potential to cause various problems, conflicts, or difficulties facing the characters, especially the main character (protagonist).

3.      Conflict (rising action)

Here there is an increase in problems, disputes or other events that cause the character's difficulty to increase as well.

4.      Peak Conflict (complications)

It is the most thrilling, horrendous, and culminating part of the characters' problems, conflicts, or other events. 

5.      Solution (resolution)

If not followed by a coda, usually this section is the end of the story (ending), which contains the disclosure of how the main character and other characters solve the various problems that befall them. Sometimes it can be through an explanation or an assessment of the fate and attitudes experienced by the characters involved in the event.

6.      Code

It is a commentary that re-discusses the contents of all events and the behaviour of the characters involved. Sometimes this section provides an interpretation of the mandate but is not recommended. Better to let the reader draw his own conclusions. This section is optional, and sometimes coda is used to create some kind of teaser for the sequel, etc.

Language Rules of Historical Story Texts

Historical story texts have characteristics or linguistic rules in their writing. Here are some linguistic rules of historical narrative texts.

1. Using a lot of past meaning sentences, such as: "the soldier was ordered to clean the armoury has completed his task", "Elephant mada has succeeded in conquering his enemy".
2. Many use words or conjunctions that state the order of time (chronologically), such as: first, after that, then, then, since then.
3. It uses many verbs that describe an action or so-called material verbs: scratch, paddle, grasp.
4. Many use indirect sentences in telling the character's speech, for example: telling that, expressing, according to, saying that, telling.
5. Many use verbs that express something that is in the character's mind (mental verbs), such as: expecting, yearning, feeling, considering, wanting.
6. Using a lot of dialogue or direct conversation between characters.
7. Using adjectives or descriptive language to describe a character, place, or atmosphere.

Steps to Compose Historical Story Text

According to Kosasih (2017), here are some steps to compose or write historical texts:

1. Define a theme. What history will be used as the background and main support for the historical narrative text?
2. Make a historical framework in advance, and it can be arranged in a way: a) chronologically, b) cause and effect, c) actions of characters, d) sequence of places, e) series of events.
3. Search literature, historical sources, books, and other relevant media to gather historical facts.
4. Develop it into a historical text first if needed, then pour the history into the desired historical story according to the imagination.
5. Look again at the text of the historical story that is compiled, be it structure, content or linguistic rules.

Example of Historical Story Text

Examples of historical narrative texts and their structures in various types and themes of writing can be seen in the articles below:

Read also: Example of Historical Story Text and its Structure (Various Themes)

Continue reading Historical Story Text: Definition, Structure, Values, Rules, Etc.

Example of News Text and its Structure & Elements of 5W1H

Example news text along with its structure and analysis of its constituent elements (5W+1H) in this article are presented through actual news with adjustments to streamline the learning process. Here are some examples of news texts by topic: schools, sports reporters, expositions, and television briefs.

Example of News Text about School

The following is news regarding the Child Protection Commission, which asks the relevant parties to pay attention to the readiness for school reopening in the Kompas newspaper on August 29, 2020, with the author's adjustment.

KPAI Asks Government to Pay Attention to School Opening Readiness

Head of News/Lead/Orientation

KPAI or the Indonesian Child Protection Commission asked the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemdikbud) to pay further attention to the readiness to reopen schools.

Because the KPAI assesses that the lack of school infrastructure shows the unpreparedness of health protocols that can threaten the health of children and teachers when schools reopen.

KPAI Commissioner for Education, Retno Listyarti, said this was as important as the Ministry of Education and Culture's discourse on providing free internet quotas.

KPAI reminded the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Ministry of Religion that problems in the education sector during the current pandemic are still in a state of emergency.

News/Event Agency

"Starting from improving distance learning (PJJ) phase two, to preparing face-to-face learning by fulfilling infrastructure and protocols or SOPs for adapting new habits in schools," said Retno to Kompas, Saturday (29-August-2020).

"This preparation is very crucial because it involves the safety of millions of students, teachers and other school residents," he continued.

In addition, Ratna added that the data submitted by the Director of SMP Kemdikbud showed that 3,347 schools were currently holding face-to-face meetings, and thousands of other schools were also trying to force their schools to open.

According to him, this condition has never been confirmed regarding the readiness of infrastructure and health protocols by both the regional and central governments and the central and regional Covid-19 Task Forces.

Retno said that the preparation of infrastructure for adopting new habits in education units requires a large number of funds. This preparation cannot rely solely on BOS funds because it is certain that it will not be sufficient.

"The experience of SMK Negeri 11 Bandung, which has prepared infrastructure for adopting new habits in its schools in face-to-face learning, cannot only rely on BOS funds but also BOSDA and school committee budget support," said Retno.

Retno added that data from the KPAI survey involving 6,729 schools showed that the infrastructure to support a clean and healthy culture in education units was still minimal, even before the Covid-19 pandemic hit.

For example, almost all schools have sinks, but they are few in number and have not spread. They are still concentrated in school toilets.

"In fact, the sink is very necessary for adapting to new habits at school because children have to wash their hands often," explained Retno.

Retno also explained that before the Covid-19 pandemic, only 23% of schools always provided disinfectant, while only 31 per cent of them sometimes prepared disinfectant for school maintenance purposes.

Not to mention the need for disinfectant booths, thermogenic, running water, temporary isolation rooms, and all directions, as well as all strict health protocols that must be implemented. It seems that realizing all these things is still difficult for many schools to do.

"All of this requires a budget that is not small, so the government's budget should start to be directed more towards education, especially the preparation of infrastructure to meet health protocols so that we can guarantee and fulfil the Right to Life, Health and Education Rights of millions of Indonesian children and their teachers," explained Retno.

News Tail

The opening of schools during the previous pandemic has indeed been in the public spotlight. Through this statement, KPAI re-examines this problem from the point of view of protecting children who are students in schools.

News Elements

The following is an analysis of ADIKSIMBA or 5W1H examples of news texts about schools which are elements of news texts.

What	School Opening Readiness
Who/ Who	The Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPI) was represented by Retno Listyarti as Commissioner for KPI Education
Where/ Where	Central KPAI, Jakarta, Indonesia
When	August 29, 2020
Why/ Why	Many schools are still not ready in terms of facilities to implement strict health protocols, thus threatening children's health
How/ How	It is hoped that the Ministry of Education and Culture and other related parties will prepare further or delay the opening of schools until all schools are truly ready to implement health protocols to protect children.

 

Sports News Presenter Text Example

The following is an example of a sports news presenter text with the main characteristic of no direct quotation because all the news on the field is presented directly by the presenter or reporter.

Title: Riko Simanjuntak Brings Persija Victory over TIRA Persikabo

Head of News/Orientation

Persija Jakarta managed to beat TIRA Persikabo in a trial match at PSNN Field, Depok, Tuesday, September 15, this week. Riko Simanjuntak is called the hero of the Kemayoran Tigers' victory through one goal he scored.

News/Event Agency

In that match, Persija fielded the composition of their best players, including Riko Simanjuntak. The Kemayoran Tigers have repeatedly troubled TIRA Persikabo's defence line. Finally, in the seventh minute, Persija were able to break the deadlock. Riko listed his name on the scoreboard after breaking into the TIRA Persikabo defence.

After the goal, the match became more interesting because Persija and TIRA Persikabo did not stop attacking each other. Not to mention the heavy rain that had fallen for 20 minutes made the match even tenser.

Unfortunately, the heavy rain did not subside, and the referee decided to stop the match at 30 minutes because the puddles made it difficult for the ball to roll. Persija finally declared won the match with a score of 1-0.

Sudirman, Persija's coach, said that he was happy with the game shown by his team. He appreciated all the players who had shown extraordinary playing abilities and performed very well.

Tail/Cover Section

TIRA Persikabo is the first League 1 club invited by Persija to conduct a trial match. Previously, Ismed Sofyan and his friends defeated Persija Elite Pro Academy with a score of 3-1.

The trial against TIRA Persikabo was held as a preparation for Persija ahead of the continuation of the League 1 season. The 2018 President's Cup winner has been practising since a few weeks ago. I, Andi Sitohang, delivered directly from the Depok PSNN field. Greetings sports!

News Elements (5W1H)

What	Persija's victory over TIRA Persikabo
Who/ Who	Persija
Where/ Where	PSNN Field, Depok
When	Tuesday, 15-September-2020
Why/ Why	Trial matches (practice) in preparation for the continuation of the League 1 this season.
How/ How	Persija won this match because all teams played well especially Riko Simanjuntak who scored a goal.

 

News Exposition Text Example

What is meant by exposition text news is news accompanied by opinions and arguments related to events or other things conveyed in the news (similar to editorial text). Here is one example.

Less compact to eradicate the pandemic

Head of News/Orientation

The central and regional governments should work hand in hand to overcome the increasingly violent Covid-19 outbreak. But unfortunately, the attitude of some ministers on the re-imposition of large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) in Jakarta actually shows the opposite. They only questioned the DKI Government's decision on the grounds of weakening the economy.

News/Event Agency

The Governor of DKI Jakarta, Anies Baswedan, revealed several reasons as the basis for determining the PSBB starting September 14, 2020. One of them is the ratio of the number of new cases being tested, reaching 12.2%. This figure is far from the WHO version of the safe threshold of 5%.

Furthermore, the availability of Covid-19 patient care rooms is decreasing. When this news was published, only 23% of the 4,053 special isolation bedrooms remained. The availability of intensive care or ICU is only 17%. The DKI Jakarta government estimates that it will run out of treatment facilities on September 17, 2020, if the number of patients increases remains as it is today.

Reflecting on the data, it seems very natural for the Jakarta government to re-impose the PSBB to suppress the pace of the pandemic. After all, the looser transitional PSBB mechanism has been proven to accelerate the transmission of Covid-19 because the government is unable to discipline residents to implement strict health protocols. The emergence of clusters of offices, houses of worship, and markets is evidence of the looseness of government supervision.

The central government should be aware of the worse impact if it prioritizes economic considerations but ignores public health. Several negative opinions from several ministers on the grounds that PSBB disrupted the economy were an indication that they chose to risk public safety.

It seems that this attitude also contradicts the President's statement, which stated that health issues must be a top priority and be handled properly before restoring the economy.

Meanwhile, the impact of PSBB on the economy cannot be denied. Therefore, the government should prepare a comprehensive solution. Prepare to enlarge and extend the period of disbursement of social assistance, especially in the form of cash as a substitute for the loss of community income as a result of the PSBB.

News Tail

It is time for the central and regional governments to be more compact and serious in fighting the pandemic. Conflicts in formulating policies should be avoided. Health protocols must be a priority alongside social assistance, tracking, testing and treatment of Covid-19 patients.

The experiences of other countries that have been successful in dealing with the pandemic have also ultimately succeeded in improving their economies. Meanwhile, if you continue to force economic movements without stopping the pandemic first, then the economic improvement will be false. Because soon, the pace of the pandemic will tighten again and destroy the economy again in the process.

News Elements (5W1H)

What	The lack of cohesiveness between the Regional Government and the Central Government in dealing with the Covid-19 Pandemic
Who/ Who	DKI Jakarta Government and Central Government (Several Ministers)
Where/ Where	Indonesia
When	11-Sep-2020
Why/ Why	The DKI Jakarta Regional Government has re-established the PSBB but some ministers criticized it as hampering the pace of the economy
How/ How	It is hoped that the regional government and the central government will work together in a compact manner to deal with the pandemic

 

Example of short news text on television

The following is the text of the news that aired on Metro tv on Sunday, September 19, 2020, with adjustments.

Unscrupulous officers insist on eating at places during PSBB

Head of News/Orientation

An individual who claims to be an officer in South Jakarta has gone viral on social media for forcing the owner of a noodle shop to serve him to eat on the spot. Even though this has been prohibited during the PSBB period, food purchases are only allowed by take away or wrapped.

News/Event Agency

The incident occurred in Kramat Pela Village, Kebayoran Baru District, South Jakarta. It was later discovered that the person who insisted on eating at the place was named Bejo Hariyanto. It is also known that the person is not a civil servant (PNS) of DKI but is an FKDM person.

Because he had violated the PSBB protocol, the person was immediately given a sanction in the form of terminating his FKDM membership. This has been confirmed by the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government through its official Twitter account.

News Tail

Previously, it was reported that an FKDM member named Bejo Hariyanto was jealous of wanting to eat at places during the PSBB implementation in DKI Jakarta. He claimed to be an officer who had just finished his patrol. He was also challenged to be sanctioned if there were DKI Jakarta Provincial Government officers who came to the shop.

In response, the shop owner said that he was only following the regulations of the DKI Regional Government. He had tried to ask her to leave quickly and had no intention of kicking him out. He also explained that he did not want to be fined Rp. 100 million for violating the PSBB regulations. But the person was adamant about keeping eating there.

News Elements (5W1H)

What	An unscrupulous officer violated PSBB regulations
Who/ Who	Bejo Hariyanto
Where/ Where	Kramat Pela Village, Kebayoran Baru District, South Jakarta
When	20-Sep-2020
Why/ Why	The person reasoned that he was out of patrol and just ate by himself
How/ How	The person admitted that he was an officer and challenged the shop owner to report it to the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government officials

 

Continue reading Example of News Text and its Structure & Elements of 5W1H

News Text: 5W1H, Understanding, Writing & Full explanation

Understanding News Text

News texts are reports of actual and fact-based information that are important, interesting, worthy or want to be known by most people. This understanding is in line with the opinion of Kusumaningrat (2012, p.40), which suggests that news is actual information about various facts and opinions that attract public attention.

Not only interesting but must be based on the reality on the ground. The form is not only in the form of writing but can also be presented orally. As stated by Cahya (2012, p.2), the news is a report or result of reporting, either in the form of writing or delivered orally, that comes from the reality of everyday life.

In addition, news must also meet several criteria that form its constituent elements. Some of these elements are as follows.

News Text Element

Romli (2014, p.3) argues that news is a report of events that fulfils at least four news values, such as fast, real, important, interesting because events deserve to be reported. To fulfil these four values, news writers must pay attention to six elements of News (Kemdikbud, 2017, p. 3; Romli, 2014, p. 10), namely:

1.      what (What)

The name or identity of an event or event. Is it about someone's life or a landslide? Flood? Unrest? What is reported.

2.      Who (Who)

Who is involved in an incident or events? or who is the main character in the news spotlight?

3.      where (Where)

This element states the location or area where the event occurs. Where did it happen? The term is usually referred to as a crime scene or crime scene in criminal terms.

4.      When (When)

The element is the time of an event or events being reported. It can include the date, day, hour, minute, or general such as morning, afternoon, and evening.

5.      Why(Why)

The reason why the reported event or events may have occurred. This element also includes knowing in detail the cause of an event that has occurred.

6.      How(How)

What is the state or process of the occurrence of an event or event, including the consequences or what is expected of the event if the event is a deliberate event (charity concerts, art performances, etc.)?

The six questions are the right steps to explore the news elements that are able to make a fact worthy of news. The news elements above are usually abbreviated as 5W1H or ADIKSIMBA (Apa, DI mana, Kapan, SIapa, Mengapa, BAgaimana) in Indonesian to make it easier to remember.

News Structure

In general, it can be said that the news structure actually consists of two parts. This section is important information and not (less) important information. Important information concerns all the main elements of the news, namely 5W1H.

The preparation of important information based on news elements is relative to the news conveyed. It could be that the first element that appears is "What" or "How" to "Who" if the news concerns the name of someone who is important or influential. However, almost all important pieces of information will be placed in the headlines. The following is a complete description of the news structure.

1.      Head of News (Lead)

It is the part that is considered the most important of the news that must contain the main elements of the news based on 5W1H or ADIKSIMBA, which includes "What", "Who", "Where", or "When".

2.      News Agency

News agencies usually contain a "How" or "Why"description, narrative, or detailed explanation of the how and why of events and happenings.

3.      Tail Part

This section is usually not directly related to the news. It may contain additional context, such as history before the reported event occurred.

Meanwhile, Romli (2014, p.13) argues that the structure of the news text is as follows:

1. title (head)
2. dateline (place or time the news was obtained and compiled)
3. News terrace (lead)
4. News content (body)

The point is the same, but the opinion above adds the title and time to be one of the news structures needed. At the same time, the tail from the start was optional.

Types of News

According to (Romli, 2014: 11-12), the types of news that are known in the world of journalism include the following:

1.      Straight news (live news)

The news as it is, written briefly, direct and straightforward. Most of the front pages of newspapers or those that make headlines are usually this type of news.

2.      Depth News (in-depth news)

It is news developed with an in-depth look at things below the surface (explained in depth).

3.      Investigation News (investigative news)

is news that is developed based on investigation and research from various sources that can be a source of news.

4.      Interpretative News (interpretive news)

News is developed through the opinions or judgments of journalists who report but still based on facts.

5.      Opinion News

News about someone's opinion, usually the opinion of experts, officials, scholars about a matter, event, scientific condition, and so on.

News Text Language Rules

In general, most journalists will agree that the main linguistic feature of news texts is the use of direct sentences. Why? Because the news must be as it is and delivered directly without adding anything. However, not only that, here are the characteristics of news texts based on linguistic rules.

1.      Transitive Verb

It is a verb that can be changed to the passive form.

2.      reporter verb

Announcing verbs are verbs that indicate a conversation.

3.      Adverb or adverb

A word class that gives information to other words.

4.      Temporal conjunction

It is a conjunction that relates to time. For example: after, then, and finally.

5.      Direct sentence

It is the result of a direct quote from someone's conversation (interview source), which is exactly what he said.

6.      Indirect sentence

Sentences that report or inform other people's words in the form of indirect sentences, usually to reveal news details.

News text features

News is a product of journalism, so its writing will follow the conventions of journalism writing. The subject-based on 5W1H or ADIKSIMBA is the closest feature. The following are some of the characteristics of news texts.

1.      Factual

It means an event that is real, really happened and can be felt and proven true.

2.      Current

It means new, current events and are being talked about by many people.

3.      Unique and interesting

Unique means that every journalist or news portal has a unique editorial, editorial, and diction. Interesting means that news presents actual facts that are desired by the public or arouse curiosity and interest from the public to read it.

4.      Influencing the wider community

The text of the news must give effect to the interests of the people.

5.      Objective

The news delivered is truly based on existing facts without being influenced by the personal views or opinions of the reporter.

6.      There is a time and place chronology of events.

News is usually equipped with a time series or chronology of when the event occurred.

7.      Standard, simple, and communicative language

In general, use standard language that follows PUEBI, simple but still interesting and not confusing when to read (easy to communicate).

Summarizing News

Summarizing the news is an effective way to restate the news accurately and without distortion, either for personal use or to share it with others. The method of compiling a news summary (Kemdikbud, 2007, p.6) is as follows.

1.      Reading or Listening News

Read and pay attention to the news carefully and thoroughly, lest the news we convey back through the summary change its meaning or information.

2.      Recording News Highlights

Recording the main idea of ​​the news can be done by looking for its constituent elements (ADIKSIMBA/5W1H).

3.      Resubmit completely and concisely

Give back a conclusion that contains all the news information but in a concise and concise way to ensure that the summarized story does not distort the news.

This is important so that we can re-inform the news we have read to others. Do not carelessly share the news with others, especially if the source comes from social media and is a vulnerable source to be used by other irresponsible people.

News Content Conclusion

It is concluded that the news content is still closely related to the news element, namely ADIKSIMBA/5W1H. Ignore opinions, agitative titles, or content that seems too overwhelming and focus on the parts: what, who, where, when, when, why, and how. If one of these elements is missing or there are doubts, then the truth of the news must be questioned.

Why is the summary of the news content so important? Today, many individuals often present the news in an unfavourable and speculative manner. Fake News or fake News alone is very dangerous for the general public. It seemed obvious what fake News was like, but another kind was far more dangerous.

This type of news is neatly arranged based on reality but uses language (usually in the title) so that the reader's opinion is stimulated (emotionally provoked) to conclude the news unilaterally and not objectively. Usually, the news will indirectly attack and harm one of the parties or agencies that are told.

This type of news does not even legally lie and cannot be prosecuted. In fact, good news, even though it is accompanied by a certain opinion to open the readers' critical horizons, will never lie or lead readers to make unilateral conclusions.

So, be careful in choosing and reading the news. This is one of the most important parts of the benefit of the ability to conclude the content of the news.

Feedback on News Content

Responding to news content means having read carefully, sorting and analyzing the elements, and being able to conclude the content of the news and then provide critical responses from the positive and negative sides of the news. Responses to news can include two aspects: the content/structure of the news and the language of the news or its linguistic aspects. Here is the description.

Aspects of Response to News

1. Contents/Structure, includes a. Truth, b. Completeness.
2. News Language includes a. The use of sentences, b. Word selection.

Of course, both aspects are very important to note. If the news content is correct and well structured, but the language used is distorted by ambiguity or agitative language that leads to public opinion, then the news is invalid.

Another example is if the news is true and complete, but uses convoluted language, then the news text is also considered not good. So, we can respond with opinions such as:

"The information submitted is quite accurate and comprehensive and can be proven with valid pictures and videos. In addition, after cross-checking other news sources, the contents are not much different. However, unfortunately, the news editor is too convoluted and difficult for readers to understand."

Steps to Write News Text (Submission of News)

Writing news means having to be able to get a strong news source then retell it as clearly and accurately as possible. News must be conveyed as it is, no more and no less. The following are the steps for delivering news.

1.      Determining the news source

In the form of events that are important (concerning the interests of many people) or interesting and actual.

2.      Go to news sources

means observing (observation directly) and asking (interviewing) people related to the event or events that you want to cover and report on.

3.      Collect and record facts

The facts collected and recorded must be based on the elements of the news text with 5W1H or ADIKSIMBA completely and accurately in terms of news sources.

4.      Develop fact notes into a complete news text

This means compiling these various facts into news that is presented, starting from the important part to the less important according to the news structure (Kemdikbud, 2017, p.20).

News Text Editing

If you still find some mistakes from the news you made, that's normal. There is still one more stage that you must go through before the news is published, namely editing. The aspects that must be considered in this stage are as follows.

1. The accuracy of the facts supports the truth of the news content.
2. The complete news content is marked by the presence of news components which are summarized in the ADIKSIMBA formula.
3. News structure starts from the most important to the least important.
4. Language use is related to sentence effectiveness, word standardization, and accuracy of spelling and punctuation (Kemdikbud, 2017, p.22).

News Text Example

Examples of news texts and their structures and analysis of news-forming elements (5W1H) can be seen in the article below:

Example of News Text and its Structure & Elemental Analysis 5W1H

Continue reading News Text: 5W1H, Understanding, Writing & Full explanation