Understanding the Text of the Observation Report
Observation report text is a text that has a function to provide information about an object or situation and other things that have been observed, investigated, or systematically researched. This understanding is in line with the opinion of Kosasih (2014, p.43), which states that the observation report is a text that presents facts obtained through observation.
This text contains the results of observations and analyses systematically. The text of the observation report presents information about something as it is, then grouped and analyzed systematically so that it can explain something in detail from a scientific point of view.
Reports on observations can be in the form of in-depth research on an object, plant, animal, ecosystem, and other scientific concepts. Usually, the text of an observation report contains facts that can be scientifically proven. Sometimes, particulars from observations are also displayed using pictures in the form of tables, graphs, or charts to make them more interesting and easy to observe.
Characteristics of Observation Report Text
Like other texts, the text of the observation report has characteristics that make this text different from other texts. Following are some of these characteristics.
- The content discussed is usually in the form of knowledge about an object or concept being observed.
- The objects discussed are very general in nature so that they explain the general characteristics of all belonging to the group or category of objects being observed. For example, a museum, not specifically one of the objects on display in the museum. Beach, not just seawater or sand.
- It aims to explain something from the point of view of science (knowledge).
- The object or thing that is observed is explained systematically, in detail, reviewed its parts, and is objective (according to reality, nothing less and nothing more).
- It details objects or things that are systematically observed from the point of view of science (scientific), which usually divides the description into the definition, classification, description of object characteristics.
The observation report contains details of objects or things that are systematically observed from the point of view of science or scientifically whose description consists of a definition, classification, description of the characteristics of the object/thing being observed.
Meanwhile, it is still in line, but in a more general perspective, Nurhanifah (2014) says that the text of the observation report has the following characteristics.
- Must contain facts
- be objective
- Must be written perfectly and completely
- Do not include things that deviate, contain prejudice, or take sides
- Presented attractively, both in terms of clear grammar, weighty content, and logical arrangement
Purpose of Observation Report Text
Nurhanifah (2014, p. 19) suggests that the text of the observation report aims to provide general information about various classes of objects or things being observed, such as animals, trees, rocks, cell phones, etc.
Through the description of the characteristics of the observation report that has previously been described, it can be concluded that the observation report is presented to explain something from a scientific point of view, detail the object or things observed in a systematic, detailed manner and reviewing its parts objectively.
The object of the Observation Result Report is very general in nature, so it describes the general characteristics as a whole that are included in the category or group of objects observed. Reports of observations should be prepared when we have made observations or observations.
Observation Report Text Structure
The text of the observation report generally consists of general statements, section descriptions, and conclusions. Here is the explanation.
This section contains definitions, groups/classes, general information, and various additional information regarding the observed subjects. General statements can contain general information about the Latin names of animals, the origin of plants, types of groups, etc. The linguistic features used in this section usually use specific terms in certain fields. Meanwhile, the definition will use the words "is" and "is." The use of the word "yang" as a differentiator will also be found in many definition sentences.
It is a breakdown of the parts that make up the unity of the thing reported. For example, if an animal includes physical characteristics, habitat, food, and behavior. Meanwhile, details of plant parts can be in the form of physical characteristics of flowers, roots, fruits, etc. Details of benefits, such as the nutritional content of the fruit, can also be described in this section. If the reported object is in the form of an object, then the description section contains a classification of objects from various aspects and a description of the benefits of an object to the special properties of the object. The language feature of this section uses special words and sentences. -sentences that explain (detail). The section description also uses many scientific terms such as photosynthesis, symbiosis, etc. Sentences must use standard words and effective sentences. The conjunctions that are often used are namely, and, besides, besides,
Contains a general summary of what was reported (optional).
Difference between Observation Report and Description Text
Does the above structure sound familiar? Yes, the structure described above is similar to descriptive text. Report text is often considered the same description text, though different. The most notable main difference between the two lies in their nature. The report text is global and universal, while the description text is unique and individual.
In addition, the actual text of the observation report will have a standardized and complete structure of the text, including introduction, discussion, and conclusion. The text can also be equipped with a preface, table of contents, and bibliography (Kosasih, 2013, p. 49). Supposedly, the observation report would be in the form of a perfect paper.
However, such a perfect paper cannot be categorized as an observation report text because it will contain many other texts. The observation report referred to here is only one part of a perfect paper, in the form of a description and elaboration of observations, one of the scientific research activities.
Language Rules of Observation Report
Generally, reports on observations must be written using effective sentences, standard language, proper spelling, and punctuation. Reports of observations will contain many special terms in biology: photosynthesis, microbes, symbiosis, etc.
In addition, according to the Educational Study Team (2015, p.19), the text of the observation report will also contain several types of sentences below.
a sentence that limits the scope of understanding about a thing to become clear and real. For example, cows are livestock members of the Bovidae tribe and children of the Bovinae tribe.
Sentences that contain descriptions of the properties of the object being described. For example, Cows are herbivores or plant-eaters.
If there are references from other writings in the text, then the source of those writings must be included in the report. For example, if we take some terms from a book, we must include the sourcebook.
Raw Words
Standard words are words that match the formal vocabulary according to the Indonesian spelling guide (PUEBI). Non-standard word errors often occur due to improper absorption from other languages. Sometimes, a mix of regional languages is also the cause. The following is an example of a non-standard word, accompanied by a word that should be used (standard).
|
Kata Tidak Baku |
Kata Baku (Seharusnya) |
|
Ngeliat |
Melihat |
|
Mempengaruhi |
Memengaruhi |
|
Merubah |
Mengubah |
|
Hipotesa |
Hipotesis |
|
Ngelihat |
Melihat |
Effective sentence
Effective sentences are sentences based on the rules and structure of the Indonesian language, with standard, effective (not wasteful), parallel (matched), and careful word choices so that their explanations do not lead to different interpretations. Effective sentences can be achieved with the following elements.
The parallel is the similarity of form or harmonization of words used in sentences.
Example:
Hutan bakau dikelompokkan berdasarkan pembentukan, pasang
surutnya air, dan cara memanfaatkan.
(kurang paralel)
Hutan bakau dikelompokkan berdasarkan pembentukan, pasang
surutnya air, dan cara pemanfaatan.
(paralel)
Savings can be made by repeating the subject.
Example:
Karena ia tidak diundang, dia tidak datang ke tempat itu. (tidak hemat)
Karena tidak diundang, ia tidak datang ke tempat itu. (hemat)
Penghematan kata dapat dilakukan dengan cara menghindarkan kesinoniman dalam satu kalimat. Example:
Sejak dari pagi dia bermenung. (tidak hemat)
Sejak pagi dia bermenung. (hemat)
Penghematan dapat dilakukan dengan cara menghindarkan pemakaian superordinat pada hiponimi kata. Example:
Ia memakai baju warna merah (tidak hemat)
Ia memakai baju merah. (hemat)
Penghematan dapat dilakukan dengan cara tidak menjamakkan kata-kata yang berbentuk jamak. Example:
Para tamu-tamu datang tepat waktu. (tidak hemat)
Para tamu datang tepat waktu. (hemat)
Accuracy means making sentences that do not have multiple meanings so that the sentence will not lead to other interpretations that can make the reader misunderstand.
Example:
Mahasiswa perguruan tinggi yang terkenal itu menerima hadiah. (salah, makna ganda)
Mahasiswa perguruan tinggi terkenal itu menerima hadiah. (benar)
Steps to Write Text of Observation Report
Kosasih (2013:81) explained that the systematic steps for writing a report on observations were as follows.
- Make observations or field observations with the criteria of interesting objects and as much as possible mastered or possible.
- Make a list of topics that can be developed into a report.
- Develop a reporting framework by numbering the topics in the desired order.
- Develop a framework that has been compiled into a coherent text. At this stage, we must make the topics into clear sentences. We can also make additional sentences whose function is a binder so that the existing sentences become cohesive.
Sample Text of Observation Report
An example of an observation report text and its structure with various themes (animals, plants, garbage, etc.) can be seen in the article below.
Read also: Example of Observation Report Text and its Structure
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