Understanding News Text
News texts are reports of actual and fact-based information that are important, interesting, worthy or want to be known by most people. This understanding is in line with the opinion of Kusumaningrat (2012, p.40), which suggests that news is actual information about various facts and opinions that attract public attention.
Not only interesting but must be based on the reality on the ground. The form is not only in the form of writing but can also be presented orally. As stated by Cahya (2012, p.2), the news is a report or result of reporting, either in the form of writing or delivered orally, that comes from the reality of everyday life.
In addition, news must also meet several criteria that form its constituent elements. Some of these elements are as follows.
News Text Element
Romli (2014, p.3) argues that news is a report of events that fulfils at least four news values, such as fast, real, important, interesting because events deserve to be reported. To fulfil these four values, news writers must pay attention to six elements of News (Kemdikbud, 2017, p. 3; Romli, 2014, p. 10), namely:
The name or identity of an event or event. Is it about someone's life or a landslide? Flood? Unrest? What is reported.
Who is involved in an incident or events? or who is the main character in the news spotlight?
This element states the location or area where the event occurs. Where did it happen? The term is usually referred to as a crime scene or crime scene in criminal terms.
The element is the time of an event or events being reported. It can include the date, day, hour, minute, or general such as morning, afternoon, and evening.
The reason why the reported event or events may have occurred. This element also includes knowing in detail the cause of an event that has occurred.
What is the state or process of the occurrence of an event or event, including the consequences or what is expected of the event if the event is a deliberate event (charity concerts, art performances, etc.)?
The six questions are the right steps to explore the news elements that are able to make a fact worthy of news. The news elements above are usually abbreviated as 5W1H or ADIKSIMBA (Apa, DI mana, Kapan, SIapa, Mengapa, BAgaimana) in Indonesian to make it easier to remember.
News Structure
In general, it can be said that the news structure actually consists of two parts. This section is important information and not (less) important information. Important information concerns all the main elements of the news, namely 5W1H.
The preparation of important information based on news elements is relative to the news conveyed. It could be that the first element that appears is "What" or "How" to "Who" if the news concerns the name of someone who is important or influential. However, almost all important pieces of information will be placed in the headlines. The following is a complete description of the news structure.
It is the part that is considered the most important of the news that must contain the main elements of the news based on 5W1H or ADIKSIMBA, which includes "What", "Who", "Where", or "When".
News agencies usually contain a "How" or "Why"description, narrative, or detailed explanation of the how and why of events and happenings.
This section is usually not directly related to the news. It may contain additional context, such as history before the reported event occurred.
Meanwhile, Romli (2014, p.13) argues that the structure of the news text is as follows:
- title (head)
- dateline (place or time the news was obtained and compiled)
- News terrace (lead)
- News content (body)
The point is the same, but the opinion above adds the title and time to be one of the news structures needed. At the same time, the tail from the start was optional.
Types of News
According to (Romli, 2014: 11-12), the types of news that are known in the world of journalism include the following:
The news as it is, written briefly, direct and straightforward. Most of the front pages of newspapers or those that make headlines are usually this type of news.
It is news developed with an in-depth look at things below the surface (explained in depth).
is news that is developed based on investigation and research from various sources that can be a source of news.
News is developed through the opinions or judgments of journalists who report but still based on facts.
News about someone's opinion, usually the opinion of experts, officials, scholars about a matter, event, scientific condition, and so on.
News Text Language Rules
In general, most journalists will agree that the main linguistic feature of news texts is the use of direct sentences. Why? Because the news must be as it is and delivered directly without adding anything. However, not only that, here are the characteristics of news texts based on linguistic rules.
It is a verb that can be changed to the passive form.
Announcing verbs are verbs that indicate a conversation.
A word class that gives information to other words.
It is a conjunction that relates to time. For example: after, then, and finally.
It is the result of a direct quote from someone's conversation (interview source), which is exactly what he said.
Sentences that report or inform other people's words in the form of indirect sentences, usually to reveal news details.
News text features
News is a product of journalism, so its writing will follow the conventions of journalism writing. The subject-based on 5W1H or ADIKSIMBA is the closest feature. The following are some of the characteristics of news texts.
It means an event that is real, really happened and can be felt and proven true.
It means new, current events and are being talked about by many people.
Unique means that every journalist or news portal has a unique editorial, editorial, and diction. Interesting means that news presents actual facts that are desired by the public or arouse curiosity and interest from the public to read it.
The text of the news must give effect to the interests of the people.
The news delivered is truly based on existing facts without being influenced by the personal views or opinions of the reporter.
News is usually equipped with a time series or chronology of when the event occurred.
In general, use standard language that follows PUEBI, simple but still interesting and not confusing when to read (easy to communicate).
Summarizing News
Summarizing the news is an effective way to restate the news accurately and without distortion, either for personal use or to share it with others. The method of compiling a news summary (Kemdikbud, 2007, p.6) is as follows.
Read and pay attention to the news carefully and thoroughly, lest the news we convey back through the summary change its meaning or information.
Recording the main idea of the news can be done by looking for its constituent elements (ADIKSIMBA/5W1H).
Give back a conclusion that contains all the news information but in a concise and concise way to ensure that the summarized story does not distort the news.
This is important so that we can re-inform the news we have read to others. Do not carelessly share the news with others, especially if the source comes from social media and is a vulnerable source to be used by other irresponsible people.
News Content Conclusion
It is concluded that the news content is still closely related to the news element, namely ADIKSIMBA/5W1H. Ignore opinions, agitative titles, or content that seems too overwhelming and focus on the parts: what, who, where, when, when, why, and how. If one of these elements is missing or there are doubts, then the truth of the news must be questioned.
Why is the summary of the news content so important? Today, many individuals often present the news in an unfavourable and speculative manner. Fake News or fake News alone is very dangerous for the general public. It seemed obvious what fake News was like, but another kind was far more dangerous.
This type of news is neatly arranged based on reality but uses language (usually in the title) so that the reader's opinion is stimulated (emotionally provoked) to conclude the news unilaterally and not objectively. Usually, the news will indirectly attack and harm one of the parties or agencies that are told.
This type of news does not even legally lie and cannot be prosecuted. In fact, good news, even though it is accompanied by a certain opinion to open the readers' critical horizons, will never lie or lead readers to make unilateral conclusions.
So, be careful in choosing and reading the news. This is one of the most important parts of the benefit of the ability to conclude the content of the news.
Feedback on News Content
Responding to news content means having read carefully, sorting and analyzing the elements, and being able to conclude the content of the news and then provide critical responses from the positive and negative sides of the news. Responses to news can include two aspects: the content/structure of the news and the language of the news or its linguistic aspects. Here is the description.
Aspects of Response to News
- Contents/Structure, includes a. Truth, b. Completeness.
- News Language includes a. The use of sentences, b. Word selection.
Of course, both aspects are very important to note. If the news content is correct and well structured, but the language used is distorted by ambiguity or agitative language that leads to public opinion, then the news is invalid.
Another example is if the news is true and complete, but uses convoluted language, then the news text is also considered not good. So, we can respond with opinions such as:
"The information submitted is quite accurate and comprehensive and can be proven with valid pictures and videos. In addition, after cross-checking other news sources, the contents are not much different. However, unfortunately, the news editor is too convoluted and difficult for readers to understand."
Steps to Write News Text (Submission of News)
Writing news means having to be able to get a strong news source then retell it as clearly and accurately as possible. News must be conveyed as it is, no more and no less. The following are the steps for delivering news.
In the form of events that are important (concerning the interests of many people) or interesting and actual.
means observing (observation directly) and asking (interviewing) people related to the event or events that you want to cover and report on.
The facts collected and recorded must be based on the elements of the news text with 5W1H or ADIKSIMBA completely and accurately in terms of news sources.
This means compiling these various facts into news that is presented, starting from the important part to the less important according to the news structure (Kemdikbud, 2017, p.20).
News Text Editing
If you still find some mistakes from the news you made, that's normal. There is still one more stage that you must go through before the news is published, namely editing. The aspects that must be considered in this stage are as follows.
- The accuracy of the facts supports the truth of the news content.
- The complete news content is marked by the presence of news components which are summarized in the ADIKSIMBA formula.
- News structure starts from the most important to the least important.
- Language use is related to sentence effectiveness, word standardization, and accuracy of spelling and punctuation (Kemdikbud, 2017, p.22).
News Text Example
Examples of news texts and their structures and analysis of news-forming elements (5W1H) can be seen in the article below:
Example of News Text and its Structure & Elemental Analysis 5W1H
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