Example of Observation Report Text and its Structure

The example of the text of the observation report in this article is arranged in a simple, concise, and easy-to-understand manner to facilitate the learning process. The following are sample texts of observation reports and their structures with various themes.

As a reminder of this material, the observation report text is a text that describes the results of observations or observations that have been carried out. The structure itself consists of the general statement (general definition), part description, and conclusion.

Sample Text of Observation Report on Endangered Animals        

Sumatran Tiger Observation

General Statements (General Definitions)

The Sumatran tiger, or in Latin Panthera tigris Sumatra, is a subspecies of tiger whose natural habitat comes from the island of Sumatra. This animal is one of six extant tiger subspecies. However, the Sumatran tiger has been classified as a rare animal that is threatened with extinction. The population is estimated to be only 400 to 500 individuals, and most of them live in Sumatra's national parks.

Part Description (Body)

This tiger has a fairly long body. At the same time, his height is not commensurate with the length. The Sumatran tiger is a four-legged animal and has a tail. Even so, one of the uniqueness of this animal is its smaller size than other types of tigers.

Part Description (Feather/Hair)

The color of the fur is brown, decorated with a black striped motif. The black patterns are quite wide and closely spaced, sometimes even sticking together. The striped motif is wavy, following the shape of his body. Some of the hair on his cheeks, belly, and insides of his legs is ivory white and appears to be a little thicker than the rest.

Part Description (Head)

The head of this animal is oval with a muzzle that is not too conspicuous. His ears are wide and big. His round eyes were covered with slanted, sharp-angled eyelids. His eyes are yellow with black accents on his pupils. The black stripe pattern still covered his face, the fur on his eyebrows and cheeks was white, and the beard was quite long. Its mouth is wide and has sharp fangs.

Part Description (Legs)

The soles of the feet are large and clawed. Uniquely, between its fingers, there is a membrane that seems to be why this animal can swim fast. This is related to one of the Sumatran tiger hunting techniques, which often corners its prey into the water. Because Sumatran tigers are excellent swimmers and their prey is usually not good at swimming.

Conclusion

The Sumatran tiger is a unique and elegant animal that only exists in Indonesia. It is unfortunate that their population is dwindling and threatened with extinction. It is fitting for us as humans to help maintain our existence as a symbol of the state and a form of incomparable wealth of the archipelago.

Komodo Animal Observation

General Statements / General Definitions

Komodo is a large reptile with four legs and looks like a lizard. The difference is the size of this animal is very large. Komodo is a rare animal that has entered the protected category. Komodo has been declared a national animal for this country.

Part Description (Body)

When viewed from afar and at first glance, the Komodo dragon looks like an ordinary monitor lizard. But when you look closely, this animal is much larger than a monitor lizard. Body length can reach the average height of an Indonesian, or about 165 cm. The length of the tail itself is equivalent to the length of the body, thus making the total length of this animal about 3 meters more. Komodo has a long body, bigger than its head.

Part Description (Head)

The head is slightly elongated, similar to reptiles in general. His eyes are small and colorful. The mouth is slightly elongated. The teeth are many, covering the jaw all over the jaw. Komodo's teeth are quite long and very sharp. Its yellow tongue often sticks out and is forked at the edges.

Part Description (Skin)

The skin is scaly and looks hard but has a beautiful pattern. The color of the skin is blackish-brown with a slightly golden yellow bias. On the neck, there are folds of scaly skin. These folds are also found in the front armpit and the back of the thigh. The back of the tail is scaly like a saw with an oblique direction backward.

Part Description (Paws)

The claws of the Komodo dragon are very sharp and swooping. The shape is similar to the claws of an eagle. The color is jet black and is usually used to fight against its prey.

Conclusion

This animal is arguably a scary animal but has beautiful scales and a sturdy and handsome body. Komodo is one of the national animals that must be preserved as one of the real evidence of the wealth of this country.

Sample Text of Observation Report on Plants

Jasmine Flower Observation

General Statements (General Definitions)

Jasmine is a plant that only grows in parts of Southeast Asia and Australia. This flower is designated as the nation's flower for Indonesia, or rather Puspa Bangsa. This means that this flower is recognized as one of the characteristic flowers of the Indonesian state.

Part Description (Stem)

This tree is of medium height, about half the height of an average adult, or after measuring, the exact height is 83 cm. The stems are round woody with a height of 4-60 cm. The stems of the plant are branched and brown at the base and light brown at the tips.

Part Description (Leaves)

The leaves are opposite each other in a stalk or stem. The leaves are oval in shape and protrude to the edges. But the tip is pointed, while the base is rounded, the edges are flat, and the leaf bones are pinnate. The color is dark green for large leaves. Light green for the young/small. Some leaves are wrinkled or not smooth.

Part Description (Flowers)

The flowers grow between the leaves. The number is limited, and there are only 1 to 3 flowers for each set of leaves. Each flower has between 4 to 9 petals, four ovules, and two locules. Meanwhile, the stamens are very short when compared to other flowers. The average flower size is 2.5 in diameter. It is bright white in color with waxy white or slightly yellowish accents. The flower crown is in the form of a shriveled sheet, like a trumpet but short.

Part Description (Scent)

If kissed carefully, this flower produces a fragrance. It smells fresh and has a sweet smell. It is said that jasmine flowers release more of their aroma at night, but during the observation period during the day, this flower still has a strong scent if you sniff it closely.

Conclusion

Jasmine flower is one of the country's plants wealth that has been designated as the nation's flower. Its attractive aroma makes this flower often used as jasmine flower tea, usually mixed with young tea leaves. Let's help preserve it by participating in planting it or simply tasting the tea which is famous for its fragrant and refreshing.

Observation of the Moon Orchid

The following is an example of a short observation report text about the moon orchid plant.

General Statements (General Definitions)

Moon Orchid is a flower that is only found around Southeast Asia and Eastern Oceania. This plant has been named a charm puspa, accompanying jasmine as the nation's puspa and rafflesia as a rare puspa. The coronation is not surprising because the moon orchid flower is indeed very beautiful and elegant.

Part Description (Stem)

The stem is very short and covered by a leaf sheath. The stalk of this plant supports 10-12 flower buds with triangular-shaped supporting leaves.

Part Description (Leaves)

The leaves can be counted on the fingers, only five of them. The color is green, and the shape is thick and fleshy. The shape is oval like an egg, wide at the end, blunt-tipped, or slightly tapered.

Part Description (Flowers)

The flowers bloom in unison, elongate, and dangle forward. The color is pure white, and the arrangement of the flower ornaments is rounded like the moon. In the middle, there is a yellow crown.

Description of Section (Root)

Since an orchid is a plant that grows on top of another tree, we can see its roots. The shape of the roots is round, feels fleshy, and elongated. It is white but turns green at the ends.

Conclusion

This flower is very beautiful and charming and deserves the title puspa charm. We should preserve this flower in a way that is at least able to appreciate it properly first.

Sample Text of Observation Report on Garbage

Inorganic Garbage

General Statements (General Definitions)

Inorganic waste is waste that cannot be decomposed and can last for thousands of years. This type of waste includes plastic packaging, bottles, canned drinks, and other non-biodegradable materials. Inorganic waste should be disposed of in a special place for recycling. This observation is carried out by observing the contents of inorganic waste bins.

Part Description (Find the contents of the trash can)

After observing, this trash can is only half-filled. Inside there was trash in the form of plastic bottles, drink cans, snack packaging, styrofoam food containers, and unfortunately, some tissue files were found. In fact, tissue is no inorganic waste.

Unfortunately, again found discarded batteries here. Even though it is inorganic waste, the battery should be handed over to a special waste processing unit. Batteries are a hazardous waste because they are toxic and potentially dangerous if not handled properly.

Part Description (Plastic waste)

Most plastic drinking bottles look intact and complete with lids. Most of the bottles are still intact, but some are found to be slightly dented. One plastic bottle seems to have been crumpled to reduce its size before throwing it in the trash. Snack trash seems to fill this trash can with its large size even though the trash is empty and contains nothing. Whereas folding it with a special technique before throwing it away will make this type of waste smaller.

Part Description (Canned Garbage)

Meanwhile, trash cans are dominated by slender but taller used beverage cans. Some of the other cans looked fatter but shorter. The shape tends to be intact and only visible a few small dented parts. Again, this kind of waste will actually be much more efficient in size if we take it apart before throwing it away.

Conclusion

Disposing of garbage in its place is an obligation that must be carried out by all of us. In addition to protecting the environment, processing waste properly will provide superior economic value for all of us. Therefore, it is advisable to dispose of inorganic waste in its proper place so that the waste will not damage the environment because it cannot be decomposed.

Continue reading Example of Observation Report Text and its Structure

Observation Report Text: Definition, Characteristics, Steps, etc.

Understanding the Text of the Observation Report

Observation report text is a text that has a function to provide information about an object or situation and other things that have been observed, investigated, or systematically researched. This understanding is in line with the opinion of Kosasih (2014, p.43), which states that the observation report is a text that presents facts obtained through observation.

This text contains the results of observations and analyses systematically. The text of the observation report presents information about something as it is, then grouped and analyzed systematically so that it can explain something in detail from a scientific point of view.

Reports on observations can be in the form of in-depth research on an object, plant, animal, ecosystem, and other scientific concepts. Usually, the text of an observation report contains facts that can be scientifically proven. Sometimes, particulars from observations are also displayed using pictures in the form of tables, graphs, or charts to make them more interesting and easy to observe.

Characteristics of Observation Report Text

Like other texts, the text of the observation report has characteristics that make this text different from other texts. Following are some of these characteristics.

1. The content discussed is usually in the form of knowledge about an object or concept being observed.
2. The objects discussed are very general in nature so that they explain the general characteristics of all belonging to the group or category of objects being observed. For example, a museum, not specifically one of the objects on display in the museum. Beach, not just seawater or sand.
3. It aims to explain something from the point of view of science (knowledge).
4. The object or thing that is observed is explained systematically, in detail, reviewed its parts, and is objective (according to reality, nothing less and nothing more).
5. It details objects or things that are systematically observed from the point of view of science (scientific), which usually divides the description into the definition, classification, description of object characteristics.

The observation report contains details of objects or things that are systematically observed from the point of view of science or scientifically whose description consists of a definition, classification, description of the characteristics of the object/thing being observed.

Meanwhile, it is still in line, but in a more general perspective, Nurhanifah (2014) says that the text of the observation report has the following characteristics.

1. Must contain facts
2. be objective
3. Must be written perfectly and completely
4. Do not include things that deviate, contain prejudice, or take sides
5. Presented attractively, both in terms of clear grammar, weighty content, and logical arrangement

Purpose of Observation Report Text        

Nurhanifah (2014, p. 19) suggests that the text of the observation report aims to provide general information about various classes of objects or things being observed, such as animals, trees, rocks, cell phones, etc.

Through the description of the characteristics of the observation report that has previously been described, it can be concluded that the observation report is presented to explain something from a scientific point of view, detail the object or things observed in a systematic, detailed manner and reviewing its parts objectively.

The object of the Observation Result Report is very general in nature, so it describes the general characteristics as a whole that are included in the category or group of objects observed. Reports of observations should be prepared when we have made observations or observations.

Observation Report Text Structure

The text of the observation report generally consists of general statements, section descriptions, and conclusions. Here is the explanation.

1.      General Statements/General Definitions

This section contains definitions, groups/classes, general information, and various additional information regarding the observed subjects. General statements can contain general information about the Latin names of animals, the origin of plants, types of groups, etc. The linguistic features used in this section usually use specific terms in certain fields. Meanwhile, the definition will use the words "is" and "is." The use of the word "yang" as a differentiator will also be found in many definition sentences.

2.      Part Description

It is a breakdown of the parts that make up the unity of the thing reported. For example, if an animal includes physical characteristics, habitat, food, and behavior. Meanwhile, details of plant parts can be in the form of physical characteristics of flowers, roots, fruits, etc. Details of benefits, such as the nutritional content of the fruit, can also be described in this section. If the reported object is in the form of an object, then the description section contains a classification of objects from various aspects and a description of the benefits of an object to the special properties of the object. The language feature of this section uses special words and sentences. -sentences that explain (detail). The section description also uses many scientific terms such as photosynthesis, symbiosis, etc. Sentences must use standard words and effective sentences. The conjunctions that are often used are namely, and, besides, besides,

3.      Conclusion

Contains a general summary of what was reported (optional).

Difference between Observation Report and Description Text

Does the above structure sound familiar? Yes, the structure described above is similar to descriptive text. Report text is often considered the same description text, though different. The most notable main difference between the two lies in their nature. The report text is global and universal, while the description text is unique and individual.

In addition, the actual text of the observation report will have a standardized and complete structure of the text, including introduction, discussion, and conclusion. The text can also be equipped with a preface, table of contents, and bibliography (Kosasih, 2013, p. 49). Supposedly, the observation report would be in the form of a perfect paper.

However, such a perfect paper cannot be categorized as an observation report text because it will contain many other texts. The observation report referred to here is only one part of a perfect paper, in the form of a description and elaboration of observations, one of the scientific research activities.

Language Rules of Observation Report

Generally, reports on observations must be written using effective sentences, standard language, proper spelling, and punctuation. Reports of observations will contain many special terms in biology: photosynthesis, microbes, symbiosis, etc.

In addition, according to the Educational Study Team (2015, p.19), the text of the observation report will also contain several types of sentences below.

1.      Definition Sentence

a sentence that limits the scope of understanding about a thing to become clear and real. For example, cows are livestock members of the Bovidae tribe and children of the Bovinae tribe.

2.      Description sentence

Sentences that contain descriptions of the properties of the object being described. For example, Cows are herbivores or plant-eaters.

3.      Reference

If there are references from other writings in the text, then the source of those writings must be included in the report. For example, if we take some terms from a book, we must include the sourcebook.

Raw Words

Standard words are words that match the formal vocabulary according to the Indonesian spelling guide (PUEBI). Non-standard word errors often occur due to improper absorption from other languages. Sometimes, a mix of regional languages ​​is also the cause. The following is an example of a non-standard word, accompanied by a word that should be used (standard).

 

Kata Tidak Baku	Kata Baku (Seharusnya)
Ngeliat	Melihat
Mempengaruhi	Memengaruhi
Merubah	Mengubah
Hipotesa	Hipotesis
Ngelihat	Melihat

Effective sentence

Effective sentences are sentences based on the rules and structure of the Indonesian language, with standard, effective (not wasteful), parallel (matched), and careful word choices so that their explanations do not lead to different interpretations. Effective sentences can be achieved with the following elements.

1.      Parallelism

The parallel is the similarity of form or harmonization of words used in sentences.

Example:

Hutan bakau dikelompokkan berdasarkan pembentukan, pasang surutnya air, dan cara memanfaatkan. (kurang paralel)
Hutan bakau dikelompokkan berdasarkan pembentukan, pasang surutnya air, dan cara pemanfaatan. (paralel)

 

2.      Frugality

Savings can be made by repeating the subject.

Example:

Karena ia tidak diundang, dia tidak datang ke tempat itu. (tidak hemat)
Karena tidak diundang, ia tidak datang ke tempat itu. (hemat)

 

Penghematan kata dapat dilakukan dengan cara menghindarkan kesinoniman dalam satu kalimat. Example:

 

Sejak dari pagi dia bermenung. (tidak hemat)

Sejak pagi dia bermenung. (hemat)

 

Penghematan dapat dilakukan dengan cara menghindarkan pemakaian superordinat pada hiponimi kata. Example:

 

Ia memakai baju warna merah (tidak hemat)

Ia memakai baju merah. (hemat)

 

Penghematan dapat dilakukan dengan cara tidak menjamakkan kata-kata yang berbentuk jamak. Example:

 

Para tamu-tamu datang tepat waktu. (tidak hemat)

Para tamu datang tepat waktu. (hemat)

 

3.      Accuracy

Accuracy means making sentences that do not have multiple meanings so that the sentence will not lead to other interpretations that can make the reader misunderstand.

Example:

Mahasiswa perguruan tinggi yang terkenal itu menerima hadiah. (salah, makna ganda)

Mahasiswa perguruan tinggi terkenal itu menerima hadiah. (benar)

 

Steps to Write Text of Observation Report

Kosasih (2013:81) explained that the systematic steps for writing a report on observations were as follows.

1. Make observations or field observations with the criteria of interesting objects and as much as possible mastered or possible.
2. Make a list of topics that can be developed into a report.
3. Develop a reporting framework by numbering the topics in the desired order.
4. Develop a framework that has been compiled into a coherent text. At this stage, we must make the topics into clear sentences. We can also make additional sentences whose function is a binder so that the existing sentences become cohesive.

Sample Text of Observation Report

An example of an observation report text and its structure with various themes (animals, plants, garbage, etc.) can be seen in the article below.

Read also: Example of Observation Report Text and its Structure

Continue reading Observation Report Text: Definition, Characteristics, Steps, etc.

Example of Lecture Text and its Structure (Various Topics)

General Lecture Text Example

Example lecture text general means that the lecture material is general and not specific, such as religious lectures held to convey religious knowledge. Public lectures are commonly used in learning activities at schools or lectures at universities.

Public lectures do not patronize or ask listeners to change their minds. Its nature only adds to the listener's knowledge, insight, and consideration.

The following are some examples of public lecture texts and their structures.

Use of Good Grammar in Daily Intercourse

Opener (Thesis )

Language is the main medium that we use in our daily life. Based on linguistics, a science of grammar is used to compose sentences according to linguistic rules. Usually, good and correct grammar is required informal meetings or scientific writings.

But we ​​don't use it in our daily lives at all. Even for most large companies, the sentence meeting with standard language is not implemented. Why? Because sometimes, using language that is too standard will make the atmosphere much stiffer.

Contents (Arrangement of Arguments)

Actually, this is not a reason to abandon grammar. Because good grammar is used so that the communication process runs smoothly. Without good grammar, the risk of miscommunication is enormous.

Imagine this daily work dialogue scenario. "Din, please print yesterday's sales report at the meeting." "Ok, here, sir". "Well, not yesterday's sales report, yesterday's meeting in din".

Both of them felt bad because of the grammatical errors used. His superiors felt that his staff were less focused or deft in their work. At the same time, the staff was made to feel bad about it. Neither will be aware that a grammatical error has occurred.

Because the grammar they use in everyday life is different, both have different standards of truth. It's only natural that both of them are not aware of the misunderstandings that occur due to grammatical errors that occur.

If the grammar used remains balanced and at least does not produce ambiguity, the communication process will run more smoothly. "Din, please print out the sales report that was presented at the meeting yesterday."

Closing

In essence, the language used does not have to be very standard, making standard communication. Using the standard language completely has its time and place. At least pay attention to good grammar so that no ambiguity of meaning has the potential to cause miscommunication. Regarding the use of non-standard words themselves, there is no problem as long as they are used with colleagues and do not have the potential to cause ambiguity.

The Importance of Enriching Literacy

Opener (Thesis)

Literacy is one of the main assets that must be continuously improved in the face of this 4.0 revolution era. Moreover, Indonesia is in a literacy emergency. This is evidenced by the PISA research, which places Indonesia at number 62 in reading interest.

Contents (Arrangement of Arguments)

In this fast-paced and instant era, the need for rich knowledge becomes very important. Literacy is the main key to getting it. If not, I think we will easily be left behind by the times that are constantly running fast through information and communication technology.

The speed of information and communication technology media also makes information able to spread quickly to all levels of society. Without rich literacy, a person will be easily provoked by fake news that can spread much faster than the message of kindness.

Literacy is also the main gate in reaching the future of this century. The uncontrolled acceleration of this industry will not grow the economy quickly but will provide many annoying problems.

Why is that? Because something done as quickly as possible will be much more prone to post-production problems. Therefore, problem-solving is one of the skills that must be possessed to deal with it. Where do we get it from? Again: literacy.

Closing

Therefore, understanding insight in the text of knowledge; literacy must be continuously improved. We can't just rely on the internet to find out something. Insights must be mastered, not remembered, let alone "know" through one click. Such insight is just misleading and cannot positively impact self-development.

Language Rules "The Importance of Enriching Literacy"

Language Rules	Proof of Words/Sentences
first person pronouns (singular) and second person plurals as greetings	If not, I think we will easily be left behind by the times that are constantly running fast through information and communication technology.
technical words or terms that are appropriate to the topic discussed	Literacyis one of the main assets that must be continuously improved in the face of this 4.0 revolution era.
words that show cause-and-effect relationships or arguments	Why is that? Because something that is done as quickly as possible will be much more prone to post-production problems.
mental verb	How come, this uncontrolled acceleration of the industry will grow the economy quickly but will provide many annoying problems.
persuasive words	Therefore understanding of an insight in the text of knowledge; literacy must continue to be improved

 

Example of Lecture Text on Education

Right to Education in a Pandemic

Opener (Thesis)

Education is the right of all Indonesian people. This has been stated in the 1945 Constitution and further concretized in Law 20 of 2003 concerning the national education system. That is true even in such a precarious state as now. The pandemic is one of the obstacles that the education system that has been designed to overcome must be able to overcome.

Contents (Arrangement of Arguments)

So I think it is an obligation for all of us to contribute to the success of the system. Even in limited circumstances, learning activities must be carried out no matter what. Because without proper Education, our nation is in danger of experiencing a generation gap. The situation in which one generation is left behind in its knowledge and competence as a result of the right to an education that is not conveyed.

Whereas the new generation should be even more brilliant than the previous generation. Because they are the hope of all of us as the next generation of the nation, imagine if that happened. Our nation will be left behind and stumbling to be able to compete with other countries.

Actually, it's not a matter of competition, but more about how the welfare and life of our nation will be. Without ideal knowledge and competence, it will be difficult for a person to survive in the cruelty of life in this era.

Through the realization of the Right to Education, social justice can also be maintained in line with other benefits that will come as well. This pandemic is not something that will end. So Education is also one way that must be taken to solve the problem of covid-19.

Closing

In these times, the task of teachers who cannot stop teaching is as important as that of health workers who are trying to save the lives of patients because teachers and other education fighters must save the future of the nation's next generation.

Therefore, it is hoped that all of us will work together to fight for the right to Education. Both in terms of educators and all of you as the owner of these rights. Use your rights seriously in this sad condition.

Language Rules

Lecture Text Language Rules	Proof of Sentences Containing Language Rules
First person pronoun (singular)	So I think it is an obligation for all of us to contribute to the success of the system.
Technical Words/Terms	So education is also one of the ways that must be taken to solve the problem of COVID-19.
Words of Cause and Effect Relationship	Therefore Education is also one of the ways that must be taken to solve the problem of COVID-19.
Mental Verbs	Because they are the hope of all of us as the next generation of the nation.
Persuasive Words	Therefore, it is hoped that all of us will work together to fight for the right to education.

Example of Lecture Text on Drugs

The Real Danger of Drugs

Opener (thesis)

Drugs, or an abbreviation of narcotics and dangerous drugs, are objects that can destroy a person's life which will have a domino effect on others as well. Drugs should be shunned and even abandoned completely without any reason.

Contents (Arrangement of Arguments)

Drugs are a very worrying problem. The main danger of this object lies not only in its destructive power of toxic substances. But on the dependence of the body when consuming it. So that the abusers find it difficult to stop hurting themselves.

Another danger is that this illegitimate object has a strong brand that labels itself as an object that can bring pleasure, relieve fatigue, and raise one's social status. In fact, it is far from the label.

Though the impact of such euphoria can only be obtained in the right way. This is an example of the euphoric effect that a marathon runner gets when he reaches his energy limit. Another simpler and more practical option is to get entertainment, be it reading, movies, music, or video games.

The real danger of drugs is how quickly they can spread through the false labels attached. Labels that can easily plunge people into eternal misery if not immediately helped.

Closing

Therefore, one of the efforts to do is not just call a simple slogan that invites people to stay away from it. The efforts made must be much more systematic than that. We must strive for the brand or label of pleasure, pain reliever and strong social status inherent in it to be destroyed at the root.

How to? You all know it. You are the next generation of the nation who already understand the dangers of drugs. I beg you once again, let's stay away from the dangers of drugs, especially the real dangers that make drugs seem cool or fun to follow. Even though the danger is very certain and the criminal will surely await.

Continue reading Example of Lecture Text and its Structure (Various Topics)

Lecture Text: Structure, Definition, Characteristics, Rules, Examples, etc.

Definition of Lecture Text

A lecture text is a text that contains notifications, the delivery of information, both knowledge and other general information to be conveyed in front of the crowd by experts or people who master their fields either directly or through electronic & digital media.

The explanation above is in line with the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 78), which revealed that a lecture is a public conversation that contains the delivery of information, knowledge, and so on.

Lecturers are usually people who master the field of information conveyed. Lectures are meant to be heard by many people. The media can be discussed directly in class or hall. Or through means of communication such as television, radio, internet and other information media.

Learning in schools is mostly delivered through lectures. Likewise, with lectures (higher education), most lecturers will deliver material through the lecture method. Although, today, the learning methods used are usually more varied and not just lectures.

Sometimes a lecture looks or feels like a speech or a sermon; to know the difference, see the explanation below.

Differences Lectures, Speeches & Sermons

Speech is a public conversation that tends to be more persuasive in nature, namely wanting to invite listeners to change their perceptions, attitudes or actions. Speeches can also be used more often to motivate and gain support from their listeners.

Meanwhile, sermons are public talks that contain knowledge about religion and worship practices and invitations to strengthen the faith of the listeners.

Lectures are more general; lectures convey knowledge, information, or certain general issues (covering all fields) and are delivered by experts or experts in their fields.

Lecture Text Structure

Like other texts, lecture texts have a structure that builds this text through several building parts. The parts that build the structure of the lecture text include opening/introduction, content, closing. The following is the structure of the lecture text put forward by the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 92).

1.      Opener (Thesis)

Contains the introduction of issues, problems, knowledge to the lecturer's views on the topic to be discussed. This section is the same as the thesis in the exposition text.

2.      Body (Arrangement of arguments)

In the form of a series of arguments by the speaker related to the topic discussed in the opening or thesis. This section usually also presents various facts and data that strengthen the speaker's arguments.

3.      Closing (Reaffirmation)

It is a reaffirmation of what was conveyed in the lecture. This ensures that the lecture does not give a wrong understanding of what is intended so that the listener remembers it. In addition, so that the lecture is memorable and the listener is influenced to do something, this section is also usually filled with recommendations or suggestions regarding the topic presented.

Lecture Text Language Rules

Lecture texts also have their own linguistic characteristics and characteristics that tend to be different from other texts. Here are some linguistic rules of the lecture text.

1. Many use first-person pronouns (singular) and second person plural pronouns as greetings. The first pronouns, for example, are: I, I, we (on behalf of the group). While the second plural word is: children, audience, fathers, mothers, you, brothers and sisters.
2. Many use technical words or terminology that are relevant to the topic being discussed. For example, if the topic being discussed is language or literature, the terms that appear include: prose, poetry, language ethics, sarcasm, the figure of speech, language politeness.
3. Use words that show cause-and-effect relationships or arguments. Examples are: thus, consequently, therefore, hence, because, because.
4. Many use mental verbs, for example, concern, estimate, amazing, expected, assume, conclude, argue.
5. Using persuasive words, such as: expected, should, should need, should.

In addition to the list above, the lecture text also uses a lot of multilevel compound sentences. An explanation of multilevel compound sentences can be seen in the article below:

Read also: Graded Compound, Equivalent, Dense & Mixed Sentences

Characteristics of Lecture Text

The characteristics of the lecture text are described in the list below.

1. Something is explained or informed to broaden the knowledge of the listeners.
2. Delivered by someone who has expertise or is considered an expert in the field or discipline being lectured.
3. There is an invitation or persuasion to change attitudes or take action on the material being discussed.
4. Contains arguments that support the topic being discussed.
5. Have facts and data that strengthen the arguments in the text.
6. There is two-way or multi-way communication between the speaker and the listener, namely in the form of dialogue, question and answer, video response commentary column (if online), etc.

Steps to Write Lecture Text

According to the Ministry of Education and Culture Team (2017, p. 96), the steps for compiling a lecture text are as follows.

1. Determining the Topic

Determining the topic is, of course, the first thing that must be determined. Of course, sometimes the topic of a lecture can also be obtained by accident, for example, when we read news text and get the news that is hotly discussed. However, the topic must still be determined and processed through the next step, not just taking the latest trends.

Topics taken may include skills, expertise, personal experience, hobbies, lessons, personal opinions, audience interests, biographies of famous figures, etc.

2. Formulate the Purpose of the Lecture

Furthermore, goals are things that must be considered when you have found a topic to be presented. Why do we give lectures? Is it to share knowledge? Inviting listeners to do something? Etc. However, in the broadest sense, the aims of the lecture include:

1. General purpose, which includes: informative lectures, persuasive lectures, recreational lectures (entertainment)
2. Special purpose, which is a detail of the general-purpose, these objectives include the Indonesian language for general purposes of study, how to paint for general purposes of expertise or hobbies, biography of Soekarno for general purposes biographies of figures.

3. Arrange the Lecture Framework

The lecture text framework is a plan that contains the main points of the lecture text structure. Each part of the structure, namely: opening, content, and closing, made the main sentence or main idea first without detailed explanation.

Making a good lecture text outline must pay attention to:

1. Three structures must be created: opening, body, and closing
2. The purpose of the lecture must be clearly stated
3. Make sure each section of the outline has only one main idea
4. The parts of each Framework must be logically arranged
5. Compose a Lecture based on the Framework

4. Compose the Lecture Based on the Framework

After the outline has been completed, then develop each main sentence into paragraphs that are given explanatory sentences, either deductively (main sentence at the beginning of the paragraph) or inductively (main sentence at the end of the paragraph).

At the same time, writing lecture texts must also be accompanied by an appreciation of the materials to be delivered. The method is as follows:

1. Critically review materials
2. Reviewing the appropriateness of the material to the general public or lecture listeners
3. Reviewing the various ingredients that may have pros and cons
4. Arrange systematic lecture text material
5. Mastering lecture material based on logical thinking

Editing Lecture Text

After finishing the lecture, the next step is to edit the text. Editing aims to improve or reduce errors that may occur in a text. Therefore, an editor must at least:

1. Knowing how to write a good text,
2. Really understand the topics that will be discussed in the text, and understand the rules of language, such as spelling and punctuation problems.

Editing activities can be done with the following steps.

1. Constructing, compiling, or writing lecture texts to be edited.
2. Provision of editing guide materials, such as Indonesian Spelling Guidelines (PUEBI) and dictionaries. Both can be found online. In addition, these materials must be adapted to the text to be edited (in this case: lecture text).
3. Pay attention to edited materials carefully, both in terms of the way the content is presented and the rules for writing.
4. Correctly correct errors contained in edited materials by referring to reliable sources (PUEBI and KBBI).

Example of Lecture Text

About Japanese School

Opener

Have you ever been to Japan? Japan is a small developed country in Asia. There's a lot to know about Japan. The people of this country are able to maintain the traditions that develop in their society.

Contents

Japanese children clean their school every day for a quarter of an hour with the teachers. That's what led to the emergence of the Japanese generation that is simple and likes cleanliness.

The students learn to maintain cleanliness because dealing with cleanliness is part of Japanese ethics. From the first year to the sixth year of elementary school, Japanese students must learn ethics in dealing with society.

Cleaning workers in Japan are often referred to as "health engineers" and earn the equivalent of IDR 50 million per month. To recruit them is done through a written test and interview.

Japan does not have abundant natural resources like Indonesia. Earthquakes often hit them, but that doesn't prevent Japan from becoming the second-largest economy in the world. The Japanese people overcome the shortage of natural resources by optimizing other resources, namely human resources.

If you go to a buffet restaurant in Japan, you will see people who only eat as much as they need. That way, there are no leftovers. In addition, from the restaurant, there is no waste whatsoever.

Reaffirmation

Japanese people value time very much. They are always on time. In fact, the rate of train delay in Japan is only about 7 seconds per year. Their culture of appreciating the value of time is so guarded that they are very punctual, with minutes and seconds counting.

Japan values ​​education very much. The community supports the vision of education in Japan. If you ask them, "What does student mean?" Then they will answer that, "Students are the future of Japan".

Example of a Short Lecture Text

The Importance of Polite Language

Opener (introduction)

The choice of words by society lately tends to decrease in politeness compared to when I was a child. This can be seen in the expressions of many people in expressing their opinions and feelings, such as when demonstrating or at public meetings. Their words are harsh (sarcastic), offensive, and of course, it deeply scratches the heart of those who receive them.

Contents (arrangement of arguments)

This phenomenon shows a decline in moral standards, religion, and values ​​that apply in that society. Politeness is also related to people's low appreciation of their culture because politeness in the language is not only related to accuracy in possession of words or sentences. Politeness is also related to the social customs that apply in that society.

Closing (Reaffirmation)

Speaking politely should have become a tradition that everyone has had since childhood. Children need to be nurtured and educated in polite language. If left unchecked, it is not impossible that the sense of politeness will disappear so that the child then becomes an arrogant, rude, and dry person from ethical and religious values. Of course, this condition is not expected by any parents and society.

Example of Lecture Text

An example of a lecture text and its structure with various topics can be seen in the article below:

Read also: Example ofLecture Text and its Structure (Various Topics)

Continue reading Lecture Text: Structure, Definition, Characteristics, Rules, Examples, etc.